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204 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Human development begins when ___________________.
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an oocyte from a female is fertilized by a sperm from a male
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Oocyte:
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female germ (sex) cell produced in the ovaries
aka ovum, egg |
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Secondary Oocyte
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Name for an oocyte that is mature
aka Mature Ovum |
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Sperm
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male germ (sex) cell produced in the testes
aka Spermatozoon |
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Zygote
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formed by the union of an oocyte and a sperm
A fertilized secondary oocyte beginning of an embryo one cell |
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Fertilization Age
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the embryo is not fertilized until 2 weeks after the preceding menstruation, there the age of gestation (from conception) is actually 2 weeks longer than the age of fertilization
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Cleavage
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mitotic division of the zygote from one cell into multiple cells (called blastomeres)
the size of the cell mass is still the same size as the initial zygote |
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Morula
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a ball of cells resulting from the cleavage of a zygote
approximately 12-32 blastomeres this stage occurs about 3 days after fertilization |
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Blastocyst
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After the morula enters the uterus, fluid enters the cavity inside of the morula, it becomes known as a blastocystic cavity instead
this occurs whe n the morula passes from the uterine tube into the uterus |
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embryoblast
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contained inside the cavity of the blastocyst and will eventually form the embryo
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Embryo
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developing human during its early stages of development
embryonic periods lasts until the end of the 8th week, until all major structures are present aka zygote, blastocyst, morula |
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Conceptus
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the entire products of conception from fertilization onward including membranes (ie. Placenta)
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Primordium
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the first indication of an organ or structure in the forming embryo
aka anlage |
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Fetus
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the period after the embryonic period (9th week-->birth) when the organs & tissues differentiate and grow
the term for a developing human after it is considered an embryo |
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Trimester
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3 calendar months
9 month gestational period is divided into 3 trimesters |
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Abortion
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expulsion of an embryo or a fetus from the uterus before it is mature enough to survive on its own
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Puberty
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begins when secondary sex characteristics appear (ie pubic hair)
when an individual becomes capable of sexual reproduction |
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Menarche
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first menstruation in females
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Vagina
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excretory passage for menstrual fluid
receives penis during sexual intercourse forms inferior part of birth canal |
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Hymen
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thin fold of mucous membran that surrounds the vaginal orifice
condition of hymen will effect the size and appearance of the vaginal orifice |
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Ovaries
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located in the pelvic cavity, one on each side of the uterus
produce and release oocytes-->secondary oocyte is released from the ovary's follucular cell Produces estrogen and progesterone |
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Uterus
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thick-walled, pear-shaped organ that varies in size
consists of the body and cervix |
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Body of uterus
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expanded superior 2/3 of cervix
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Cervix of uterus
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cylindrical inferior 1/3 of cervix
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Fundus
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rounded part of the uterine body
lies superior to the orifices of the uterine tubes |
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Isthmus
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constricted region between the body and the cervix
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Cervical canal
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the lumen of the cervix
has a constricted opening at each end |
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Internal OS
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a constricted opening at the superior end of the cervical canal that communicates with the cavity of the body
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External OS
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a constricted opening at the inferior end of the cervical canal that communicates with the vagina
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3 layers of the walls of the body of the uterus
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1) Perimetrium
2) Myometrium 3) Endometrium |
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Perimetrium
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thin, external layer of the peritoneum
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Myometrium
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thick, smooth muscle layer of the uterine wall
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Endometrium
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thin, internal mucous membrane of the uterine wall
4-5mm thick at its peak During the luteal phase, the compact, spongy and basal layers can be microscopically distinguished. |
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what are the layers called that can be detached during the secretory phase of menstruation?
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Functional Layers
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functional layers
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shed at menstruation and after delivery of a baby
consists of the compact and spongy layers |
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Compact Functional Layer
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densely-packed connective tissue around the neck of the uterine glands
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Spongy Functional Layer
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edmatous connective tissue containing dilated, tortuous bodies of the uterine glands
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Basal of the uterine
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blind ends of the uterine glands
has its own blood supply is NOT cast off during menstruation |
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Uterine Tubes--what are they?
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extend laterally from the horns, 10-12cm long
Opens into the horn of the uterus on proximal end, distally opens into the peritoneal cavity |
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Uterine tubes - function
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carries the oocyte from the ovaries (sperm entering from the uterus reaches the fertilization site in the ampula)
Conveys the dividing zygote to the uterine cavity. Divided into 4 parts: 1) Infundibulum 2) Ampulla 3) Isthmus 4) Uterine part |
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Ovaries - What?
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almond-shaped glands located on each side of the uterus
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Ovaries - Function
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Produce estrogen and progesterone
Produce oocytes |
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Estrogen and Progesterone
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hormones responsible for development of secondary sex characteristics and regulation of pregnancy
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Female external sex organs
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vulva
labia majora labia minora clitoris vestibule of the vulva hymen |
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Vulva
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collective name for the female external sex organs
aka Pudendum |
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Labia Majora
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fatty external folds of skin
conceal the vaginal orifice |
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Labia Minora
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Inside the labia majora
smaller folds of mucous membrane |
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Clitoris
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small, erectile organ situated at the superior junction of the labia minora
equivalent to the penis |
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Vestibule of the vulva
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A cavity that the vagina and urethra open into
the cleft behind the labia minora |
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Hymen
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fold of mucous membrane that surrounds the vaginal orifice
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Male Reproductive Organs
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Testes
Epididemis Ductus deferens Ejaculatory duct Urethra Erectile tissue Penis |
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Testes
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consist of many highly coiled seminiferous tubules that produce sperms
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Epididemis
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immature sperm pass from the testis into this complexly coiled tube where they are stored and mature
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Ductus deferencs
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carries the sperms from the epididemis to the ejaculatory duct
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Ejaculatory duct
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located in the pelvis
enters urethra |
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Urethra
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rube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
runs through the penis and transports semen and urine but not at the same time |
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Erectile tissue
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within the penis
fills with blood under increased pressure during sexual excitement causes the penis to become erect |
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Gametogenesis is
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the formation of sex cells
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gametes contain
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half the number of required chromosomes so that when they come together, they have the correct amount
aka Sex Cells 23 female, 23 male =46 total |
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Spermatogenesis
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formation of gametes in a male
sperm |
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Oogenesis
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Formation of gametes in a female
Oocytes |
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Meiosis is
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a form of cell division which reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell
allows random assortment of maternal and paternal chromosomes shuffles genes and produces a recombination of genetic material |
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First Meiotic Division
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Chromosome number is reduced from diploid (46) to haploid (23)
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Physical basis of segregation
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term for the separation of paired homologous chromosomes
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Homologous chromosomes
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One from each part, same chromosome but with different genetic information
they pair up in prophase 1 and then separate in anaphase 1 |
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Second meiotic division
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Each chromosome divides and each half is drawn to the poles of the cell
each daughter cell has the haploid number of chromosomes |
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Daughter Cells
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is created during the second meiotic division
is NOT a replicated chromosome, nut is the un-replicated chromosome |
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What is the difference between the terms conceptus and embryo?
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Embryo refers only to the developing human in the early stages while conceptus refers to BOT the embryo AND its membranes
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What are the products of conception?
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Embryo and its membranes
ie placenta |
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Why do we study human embryology?
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-prenatal stages of development help us understand the normal relationships of adult body structures and causes of congenital anomalies
-modern obstetrics-->congenital heart disease, spina bifida, and maldevelopment -DNA technology -stem cell manipulation, isolation and culture -Roles of genes -signaling molecules -cloning using somatic cell nuclear transfer -Sequencing human genome -Molecular therapy |
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Luteal
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phase of the menstrual cycle
Ability to distinguish the three layers of the endomentrium aka: secretory phase |
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Testes
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oval glands that are suspended in the scrotum and contains: SEVEN UP
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SEVEN UP
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contained within the testes
S=seminiferous tubules E=epididymis V=ductus Vas deferens E=ejaculatory duct U=urethra P=penis |
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Seminiferous tubules
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produce sperm
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Epididymis
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storage of sperm, where it takes several days until they mature
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Ductus VAS deferens
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Carry sperm to ejaculatory duct
fuses with the duct of the seminal gland to form the ejaculatory duct |
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Ejaculatory duct
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entry into urethra
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Urethra
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tube leading from bladder to the outside of the body
its spongy part runs through the penis |
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Penis
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contains three column of erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra
These columns of erectile tissue fill with blood which causes the penis to become erect |
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Glands of Male Reproduction
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Prostate
Seminal Vesicles Bulbourethral Glands Produce semen that get ejaculated |
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Semen
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sperms mixed with seminal fluid that is produced by a number of glands
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1st Meiotic Division
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Chromosome number is reduced from diploid (46) to haploid (23)
1 homologous chromosome PAIR (maternal/paternal) in PROPHASE-->SEPARATE in ANAPHASE one chromosome of each pair goes to MEIOTIC SPINDLE where it CONNECTS to a CENTROMERE |
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2nd Meiotic Division
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lacks normal interphase without replication of DNA
Chromosomes divides going to different spindle poles (23N) |
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Spermatogenesis
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sperm remain dormant until puberty
PRIMARY spermatocytes undergo FIRST meiotic division to form 2 haploid SECONDARY spermatocytes SECONDARY spermatocytes undergo meiottic division for form FOUR haploid spermatids |
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Route of mature sperm
(Spermatogenesis) |
Siminiferous tubules
epididymis Ejacuation |
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Where are sperm stored?
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Epididymis
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Ejaculation is...
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matured sperm
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Components of Sperm
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Head
Neck Tail |
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Head of Sperm has an...
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acrosome covers
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Neck of Sperm is...
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a junction between head and tail
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Tail of Sperm consists of...
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3 parts:
Middle Principle End |
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Middle piece of the tail of the sperm contains...
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Mitochondria--which "powers" the sperm
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Oogenesis is...
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the sequence of events by whcih OOGONIA are transformed into OOCYTES
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Time frame of Oogenesis
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BEGINS during the fetal period
COMPLETES after puberty |
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During fetal life, OOGONIA are...
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primordial ova that enlarge to form PRIMARY OOCTYES (before birth)
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Oogenesis and 1st meiotic division
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Oocytes REMAIN in PROPHASE until puberty where before OVULATEION, primary oocyte will complete the 1st meiotic division.
Cytoplasm is UNEQUAL -- polar body receives little cytoplasm --> degenerates |
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The term conceptus includes all structures that develop from the
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zygote
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Conceptus is used when referring to ...
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the embryo (or fetus) and its membranes (ie the total products of conception that develop from the zygote). The conceptus tha is expelled or removed during an abortion is called an abortus.
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The foot is at the ______ end of the leg.
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Distal
The term distal is commonly used in descriptions of a limb instead of the term inferior. |
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A vertical section through the frontal plane is known as a _______ or _______ section
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Frontal or coronal
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The neck of a fetus is _____ to the thorax.
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Cranial
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The plane that divides a fetus into right and left halves is called the ______ plane.
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Median
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Median Plane
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the vertical plane that passes through the center of the body, dividing it into right and left halves. There is only ONE median plane.
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From which of the following is the morula formed?
1) oocyte 2) sperm 3) zygote 4) blostocyst 5) gastrula |
3) Zygote
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_____, or division, to the zygote gives rise to a ball of ________, called a ________.
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Cleavage
Blastomeres Morula |
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________ occurs about 3 days after fertilization and precedes the formation of the _______ and the _______.
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Cleavage
Blastocyst Gastrola |
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Before ejaculation, sperm are stored chiefly in the _____
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epididymis
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Which of the following types of germ cell does NOT undergo cell division?
a) Spermatogonia b) primary oocytes c) spermatids d) secondary spermatocytes e) oogonia |
c) spermatids
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What chromosomal constitution in a sperm normally results in a male embryo, if it fertilizes an oocyte (ovum)?
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22, Y
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Oogonia divide by mitosis during
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Early fetal life
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The normal chromosome number of a human spermatid is
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22 autosomes plus an X or a Y chromosome
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Morphologically abnormal sperm may cause
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infertility
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What layer of the embryo is recognizable at the end of the first week?
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Hypoblast
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The secondary oocyte completes the second meiotic division
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at fertilization
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Sperms penetrate the zona pellucida, digesting a path by the action of enzymes released from its
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acrosome
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How many sperms would probably be deposited by a normal young adult male in the vagina during sexual intercourse?
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300 million
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A 42-year old woman became pregnant. She was concerned about the health of her unborn child and consulted a physician. There is a risk for ___?
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Chromosomal abnormalities
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Freshly ejaculated sperms are not capable of fertilizing oocytes because these sperms are
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not capacitated
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An ultrasound examination of a pregnant woman revealed the presence of 7 embryos. What is a probably cause?
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Seven oocytes were fertilized by 7 sperms
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The semen of a man believe to be responsible for a sterile marriage was evaluated. What is of least importance in assessing the man's fertility?
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Zinc concentration
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During spermatogenesis, which cells undergoes a second meiotic divisions?
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Secondary spermatocytes
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An infant diagnosed as having 47 chromosomes instead of 46. This abnormal condition (Trisomy) results from
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nondisjunction
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Sperms are stored and undergo further maturation in the _____
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epididymis
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During ______, the sperms are forced through the ____ ____ into the _________.
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Ejaculation
Ductus deferens urethra |
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Sperm is expelled from the _______ with the secretions of the ____ _____ as semen.
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Urethra
accessory glands |
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If sperms is not ejaculated, they degenerate and are absorbed within the ____.
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Epididymis
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____ do no divide, they gradually transform into mature sperms during _____________.
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Spermatids
Spermiogenesis |
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Fertilization of a ____ _____ by a Y sperm produces a 46, XY ______ that normally develops into a male.
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seconday oocyte
zygote |
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_____ proliferate during the early fetal period and, unlike spermatogonia, do NOT increase at puberty.
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Oogonia
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All _____ become primary oocytes _____ birth.
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Oogonia
before |
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Many of the 2 million or so ____ present in both ovaries at birth ______ before puberty, leaving about 40,000 to undergo further development after _____.
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Oocytes
degenerate puberty |
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Spermatids are ____ cells that have 22 _____ plus a Y or an X ______.
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haploid
autosomes chromosomes |
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If two members of a _____ pair fail to separate, abnormal ____ can have __ autosomes and __ sex chromosomes, or __ sex chromosomes.
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chromosome
spermatids 22 2 NO |
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Nondisjuntion
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when two members of a chromosome pair fail to separate
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The result of nondisjuction is that some ___ ___ have __ chromosomes instead of ___, and others have only ___.
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germ cells
24 22 |
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Trisomy occurs when a ____ with 24 chromosomes fuses with a normal one during ______, forming a ____ with ____ chromosomes.
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Gamete
fertilization zygote 47 |
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____ and seminal ____ on the surface of the ____ of freshly ejactulated sperms must first be removed to facilitate fertilization of the _____.
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Glycoproteins
proteins acrosome oocyte |
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Capacitation is
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The process of removing the glyroproteins and seminal proteins on the surface of the acrosome of freshly ejaculated sperms
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Capacitation lasts about
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7 hours.
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Capacitation usually occurs in the
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uterus
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Capacitated sperms are more
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active
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Zinc concentrations of the male ______ _____ are relatively ____, but there is no difference in zinc concentration of semen from fertile and infertile men.
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reproductive organs
high |
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Secondary ______ undergo a second meiotic division to form ______, which subsequently are transformed into ____ _____.
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Spermatocytes
spermatids mature sperms |
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_____ grow and give rise to the primary ________ by mitotic division.
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Spermatogonia
spermatocytes |
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Each primary _____ then undergoes the first meiotic division to form __ secondary-spermatocytes with a _____ chromosomal complement.
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spermatocyte
2 haploid |
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Trisomy is ...
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a relatively common numerical chromosomal anomaly resulting from an error in meiotic cell division during gametogenesis.
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The 8-day blastocyst
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is covered by the uterine epithelium
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The syncytiotrophoblast
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Is derived from cytotrophoblast
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The amniotic cavity develops
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between the embryonic disc and trophoblast
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A blastocyst of about 2-weeks gestation was found in a gynecological specimen sent to the laboratory for examination. What is a characteristic feature of a blastocyst at about this age?
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Presence of primary chorionic villi
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In the 10- to 12-day blastocyst
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-the conceptus lies deep to the endometrial epithelium
-the defect in the endometrial epithelium is indicated by a closing plug -the implanted blastocyst produces an elevation on the endometrial surface -Maternal blood begins to flow slowly through the lacunar networks |
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The wall of the chorionic sac is composed ot
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two layers of trohpohoblast lined by extaembryonic somatic mesoderm
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During the second week, lacunar networks develop within the
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syncytiotrophoblast
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Ectopic implantations most commonly occur in the
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uterine tube
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Implantation of the blastocyst
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is controlled by progesterone
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the amniotic cavity appears on the 8th day as a slit-like space between the trophoblast and
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embryoblast
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A 32-year-old woman was admitted to a hospital because of low abdominal pain and hemmorhage. Her last menstrual period was about 7 weeks earlier. What is the most likely diagnosis?
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Placenta previa
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What structure is formed during the second week of development?
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chorionic sac
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The 8-day blastocyst is partially implanted in the _______
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endometrium
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At day ____, the ______ is at the abembryonic pole (opposite the embryonic pole) and remains relatively undifferentiated, consisting of a thin layer of _______ _____.
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8
Trophoblast cytotrophblastic cells |
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The trophoblast consists of two layers only where it is in contact with the ______.
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Endometrium, usually adjacent to the embryoblast
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The ____ ____ ___ is not usually present at ___ days, but the ______ ______ is represented by a slit-like space.
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Primary Yolk Sac
8 amniotic cavity |
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The syncytiotrophoblast is derived from the _______.
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Cytotrophoblast
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The _____ does not enclose the 8-day blastocyst on all sides. It forms a multinucleated _____ ___ at the embryonic pole.
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syncytiotrophoblast
cytoplasmic mass |
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The syncytiotrophoblast does not have a well-defined ____ _____.
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cell boundaries
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The ____ _____ appears as a small cavity in the embryoblast on the 8th-day after fertilization between the ______ ___ and the invading _________.
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amniotic cavity
embryonic disc syncytiotrophoblast |
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The amnion forms from cells derived from the ____.
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epiblast
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____ ____ ____ are characteristic features of the 14-day blostocyst.
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Primary chorionic villi
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The _____ is completely implanted by the end of the _____ week.
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blastocyst
second |
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The notochord, intraembryonic mesoderm and intraembryonic coelom are formed during the ____ week.
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third
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In the 10- to 12-day blastocyst, the presence of maternal blood establishes an ....
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abundant source of nutrition for the conceptus
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In the 10- to 12-day blastocyst, maternal blood begins to flow slowly though the...
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lacunar networks
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The wall of the __(a)__ ___ is composed of the chorion, which is formed by the combination of _(B)___ ____ ___ and the two layers of the __(c)__, which are __(d)__ and ___(e)___
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a)chorion sac
b)extraembryonic somatic mesoderm c) trophoblast d)cytotrophobast e) syncyntiotrophoblast |
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THe chorionic sac contains the _____, which is attached to the wall of the sac by the connecting _____.
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embryo
stalk |
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Lacunar networks develop in the _______ by coalescence of lacunae
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syncytiotrophoblast
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____, or extrauterine, pregnancies usually occur in the ampulla of the uterine tube
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Ectopic
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_____ implantations are not ______, but they are abnormal.
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cervical
ectopic |
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The _____ _____ of the endometrium is not directly involved with early implantation.
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stratum spongiosum
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The stratum spongiosum does become involved with the formation of the _____ later in pregnancy.
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Placenta
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The decidual reaction is the series of change that occur in the _____ as a result of ______
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endometrium
implantation |
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______ produced by the ____ ____ is the hormone believed to control implantation.
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Progesterone
corpus leteum |
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Invasion of the endometrium by the syncytiotrophoblast is the most striking even that occurs during _______
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implantation
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The ____ ____ appears as a space between the tropoblast and the embryoblast.
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amiotic cavity
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The ____ and _____ of the bilaminar embryonic disc are derived from the embryoblast during the second week of development.
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epiblast and hypoblast
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The amniotic cavity, yolk sac, connecting stalk, and chorion are form during the _____ week of development.
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second
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The ___ ____ develops during the thrid week of development from the embryonic ectoderm.
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neural place
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The notochord, somites, and intraembryonic coelom are formed during the ___ week
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third
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Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone produced by the
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syncytiotrophoblast
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The primitive streak first appears at the begging of the _____ week.
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third
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The notocordal process lengthens by migration of cells from the ____
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pimitive node
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The notocordal plate infolds to form the
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notochord
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The intraembryonic coelom located cranial to the oropharyngeal membrane becomes the
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Pericardial cavity
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During the third week of neurenteric canal connects the amniotic cavity and the
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yolk sac
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The cloacal membrane consists of
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endoderm of the roof of the yolk sac and embryonic ectoderm
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The specialized group of mesenchymal cells that aggregate to form blood islands are called
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Angioblasts
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The primordial blood cells of the 3-week embryo first begin to form
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on the yolk sac
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A pregnant coman who has missed two menstrual periods wants to know her expected date of delivery. In practice, what would you use?
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Mentrual history
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A complete hydatidiform mole was diagnosed in a 30-year-old woman with a history of intermittent bleeding during the first trimester. This disorder is associated with
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cystic swelling of chorionic villi
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Ultrasonography revealed the presence of a sacrococcygeal teratoma in a near-term fetus. What type of cell would be involved in this tumor?
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Primitive streak cells
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During the third week of development, secondary villi become _____
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Tertiary villi
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The primitive streak is caudal to the
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notochord
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The chromosomes of complete hydatidiform moles are entirely of
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paternal origin
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Periodic segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm to form somites is controlled by the expression of
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Notch pathway
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Left-right patterning of the embryonic disc is likely regulated by
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nodal.
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