Life And Death In Ancient Egypt Exam 1

Front 1

What are the major Predynastic developments?

Back 1

Granaries, Cemeteries on desert fringe & ritual cutting/dismemberment, political organizations develop( first state), Nome's: admin units, Intensification of production

Front 2

Evidence for increasing social complexity during Naqada I-III

Back 2

Neolithic farming villages --> chiefdom type society --> emergence of worlds first state

Front 3

What major social and economic changes occurred and what evidence have archaeologist used to suggest increasing differences in social status

Back 3

Wider trade routes reaching to Sinai, Mesopotamia, Afghanistan and farther up the Nile river. Social and economic variation based on tomb size and grave goods. Objects that signify social status include obsidian, ivory and lapis

Front 4

How does mortuary analysis at Naga-ed-Der help us understand the formation of Egypt?

Back 4

Wealthier graves tend to be squarer and on the outer edges of the Cemetery

Front 5

Which dimensions of variability in mortuary analysis explain the spatial cluster of burials at Naga-Ed-Der?

Back 5

Graves that have more than 10 items tend to be closer to cluster edges.

Front 6

What do these clusters and their associated grave goods suggest about trade relations in pre- and early dynastic egypt? How is this patterning significant for understanding unification and state formation in ancient Egypt?*

Back 6

Clusters and grave goods tell us what items were popular and what areas of trade were dominated. There are significant associations between artifact types and spatial clusters.

Front 7

How does evidence from the Scorpions tomb relate to evidence from Naga-ed-Der

Back 7

Scorpions tags bring credence to what is written on the Narmer Palette

Front 8

Where are Hierakonpolis, Abydos, and Buto located?

Back 8

Buto is in lower egypt near mediterranean, Hierakonpolis is in upper, and Abydos is in between the two

Front 9

How does Buto 's culture differ from upper Egypts?

Back 9

But was originally dedicated to Wadjet(Cobra) while Upper was dedicated to Nekhbet(White Vulture)

Front 10

What are some finds in the "Main Deposit" of Hierrakonpolis?

Back 10

Mace heads, ivory tages, and glazed pottery

Front 11

What is the importance of the small engraved tags found in Scorpion grave at Abydos?

Back 11

They are the first writings and tell us where tributes were brought from.

Front 12

What does the Scorpion Macehead suggest about Scorpions political conquests?

Back 12

It suggests that Scorpion instigated attacks on Lower Egypt .

Front 13

What Does the Narmer Palette suggest about Narmer's conquest? How are Narmer's conquest and Political power depicted on the Palette?

Back 13

That he unified upper and lower eqypt. His power is depicted in the headdress he wears that combines that of upper and lower Egypt. Power also shows through his clubbing of what is Buto depicted as a man. Also shown is rows of Narmer's allies with Nome standards and rows of decapitated bodies

Front 14

How do we know these figures are actually kings? What is a Serekh?

Back 14

The Palette depicts the Serekh which is a niched or gated facade depicting the palace surmounted by Horus, anything written inside is a Royal name. The name Scorpion was found in a serekh in the same deposit as his Macehead.

Front 15

What were burials like in the late predynastic? What was included in the graves and how were the bodies treated?

Back 15

Bodies were placed in a contracted state in shallow desert graves in direct contact with sand. Artifacts include but are not limited to projectile points, calcite carvings, palettes, jewelry, ritual items : animal offerings, ash-filled pots, “fishtail”
flints used in the Ceremony of Opening the Mouth,
charcoal sprinkled in the bottom of the grave, grain and
liquid offerings and mud-filled jars.
The ritual flint objects are always broken, suggesting
that they were “killed” after use.

Front 16

What is the earliest evidence for mummification? What might explain dismemberment and wrapping with linen in some burial?

Back 16

Earliest evidence of mummification comes from a Nagada II workers Cemetery 3.6-3.1k. Dismemberment may be from grave robbers who were trying to relieve the dead of their jewelry, matting may have occurred to protect the areas jewelry lay and that robbers would have gone for.

Front 17

What other body treatment is evident in these burials? Is similar treatment evident at any other sites?

Back 17

Some burials have hands and heads padded with resin-soaked linen bundles then wrapped. Some have ritual cutting and dismemberment. There is evidence from Abydos of mummification via an arm wrapped in risen soaked linens in djers tomb

Front 18

Why were the cemetery complexes located near the large rift in the Western cliffs and the wadi at Abydos?

Back 18

They were located near the Wadi because they believed that the wadi was the entrance to the underworld which they believed lay beyond the western horizon. The wadi cut through the Western mountains.

Front 19

What explains the massive concentration of pottery at Umm El-Qaab, the area of the Royal tombs?

Back 19

By the middle kingdom it was thought that Umm el-Qaab was the burial place of the God Osiris. The concentration of pottery shards exists because people would travel from all around to take offerings to Osiris.

Front 20

Describe the evolution of royal burial treatment at Abydos during the earliest dynasties starting with Scorpions tomb complex.

Back 20

Scorpion king had a large pit lined with mud bricks and a mastab lieing over it. Royal tombs started growing grander with inclusions of funerary enclosures(with niched palace facad architecture), boat tombs, subsidiary burials(included limestone lining of the pit and coffins),

Front 21

What is a mastaba? Why are there boats in the desert?

Back 21

A mastaba is a large low bench like building made of mud bricks. It was to parody the Primordial mound where the egyptians believed everything came from. Boats are in the desert because they were once used in the funeral procession.

Front 22

What is the evidence for ritual sacrifices of retainers in Early dynastic period royal tomb complex based upon?

Back 22

Some tombs had everyone entombed at the same time but there isn't any skeletal evidence of sacrifice.

Front 23

Are people the only species found in subsidiary graves?

Back 23

During the Early dynastic, yes.

Front 24

What is the age and sex composition of those interred in subsidiary graves?

Back 24

Burials from main enclosure are variable in age and sex; those from smaller
enclosures are all female
• Burials from main enclosure generally show better health status than women in smaller enclosures

Front 25

What is Gisr El Mudir?

Back 25

a massive enclosure that seems to date from the Second dynasty. Found to be masonry of roughly hewn limestone blocks in layers, making it the earliest known stone structure in Egypt.
Its builder is unknown, but it may have been built by Khasekhemwy.

Front 26

Dynasty 2 and 3 Royal burials

Back 26

Funerary enclosure for Peribsen.
Khasekhemwy's tomb was on a massive scale, with several interconnecting mud-brick chambers, and the actual burial chamber being constructed of dressed limestone blocks.
Djoser: step pyramid and enclosure in stone designed by imhotep, entrance and mortuary temple on N-Side, Serdab at SE corner, South tomb for Ka
Pyramid size: Base= 121x109m, orig height =60m
Djoser-ti: Unfinished pyramid and enclosure, south tomb
Base= 120m^2 height= 7m intended to rise to 70m
Khaba: layer pyramid planned with 5 steps base= 84m^2 height=20m
Nebka: unfinished step pyramid consisting of substructure and razed superstructure Base=180x200m
Huni: up to 8 small step pyramids from Athribis in the Delta to Elphantine(Aswan) most 3 steps(18-19m)

Front 27

Who was Imhotep and what was his role in the Pyramid construction?

Back 27

Imhotep was the royal architect who designed the Pyramid of Djoser(the Step Pyramid). This was the first step towards pyramids. Before Djoser Pharaohs were buried in Mastaba tombs

Front 28

What architectural features were found in Djosers Mortuary enclosure?

Back 28

Heb Sed court(copy of King's jubilee, dumby facade), Southern tomb, Mortuary temple on north side of temple, Imitation of parishable material in stone, Serdab( a room that contains a statue of the deceased)

Front 29

What might have been the mortuary function of the South Tomb?

Back 29

It has been proposed to house the ka in the afterlife.

Front 30

What was innovative about the subterranean portion of Djosers funerary complex?

Back 30

The entrance was built on the north side of the pyramid which would copied in later pyramids. It was heavily decorated.

Front 31

How was the Inner core of Djosers pyramid constructed and why?

Back 31

They built a crude core of rough stones and then encased it with limestone and packing in between.

Front 32

Why might djoser have chosen Sakkara as the location for his pyramid when most of dynasty 2-3 predecessors were buried in Egypt?

Back 32

Because it was closer to Memphis and Memphis was the heart of power in Egypt

Front 33

How does djosers complex compare to those of later Dynasty 3 pharaohs?

Back 33

It was the only one to have a heb sed court, serdab, mortuary temple

Front 34

Where did khaba attempt to build his layer pyramid?
What is unique about Huni's pyramid construction?

Back 34

Zawiyet el Aryan.
Huni's had 8 small pyramids, most 3 steps