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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When do early settlements occur?
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5000-31500 Predynastic (Naqada I, II, III
Development of uniquely egyptian material culture and basic agriculture, and industry. Political organization begins People settle around the Nile The late predynastic is marked by the first state, chiefdom, and neolithic farming villages |
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What are the major Predynastic developments?
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Granaries, Cemeteries on desert fringe & ritual cutting/dismemberment, political organizations develop( first state), Nome's: admin units, Intensification of production
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What period witnesses increasing social complexity?
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Predynastic
first settlements, graneries, subterranean houses, pole and thatch huts, burial under houses. increase in pottery, metal production, trade, and burial goods that distinguish economic and social status. |
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Evidence for increasing social complexity during Naqada I-III
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Neolithic farming villages --> chiefdom type society --> emergence of worlds first state
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The earliest pyramid construction?
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during dynasties 3 and 4 in the Old Kingdom
the first was a step pyramid built by Djoser in N. Sakkara. It is a series of stacked mastabas. It inclued a mortuary temple (N), serdab (SE) and heb sed (E) |
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What major social and economic changes occurred and what evidence have archaeologist used to suggest increasing differences in social status
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Wider trade routes reaching to Sinai, Mesopotamia, Afghanistan and farther up the Nile river. Social and economic variation based on tomb size and grave goods. Objects that signify social status include obsidian, ivory and lapis
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How do the intermediate periods differ from the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms?
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Intermediate periods are marked by political disintegration and sometimes warfare (invasion or civil), and a decline in material culture.
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How does mortuary analysis at Naga-ed-Der help us understand the formation of Egypt?
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Wealthier graves tend to be squarer and on the outer edges of the Cemetery
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Who were some of the earliest explorers of ancient egypt?
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the ancient egyptians themselves: restoration and excavation.
greek historians and geographers roman tourists crusaders Christians and muslims (obliterated pagan symbols and destroyed many monuments) Jean de Tevenot Napolean |
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Which dimensions of variability in mortuary analysis explain the spatial cluster of burials at Naga-Ed-Der?
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Graves that have more than 10 items tend to be closer to cluster edges.
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Herodotus, Diodorus, Strabo?
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Herodotus: 460-455 BC historian, mixed fact and fiction, gives description of Kufu's pyramid and kingdom
Diodorus: 60c. Greek author, reported Great pyramid casing intact except missing captstone. Strabo: 25BC Roman geographer, reported movable stone on khufu's pyramid for access |
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What do these clusters and their associated grave goods suggest about trade relations in pre- and early dynastic egypt? How is this patterning significant for understanding unification and state formation in ancient Egypt?*
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Clusters and grave goods tell us what items were popular and what areas of trade were dominated. There are significant associations between artifact types and spatial clusters.
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How did Napoleon's exploration impact European interest in ancient egypt?
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egyptomania took root. Many europeans wanted artifacts and treasures of their own and came to get them. Napolean's team made detailed descriptions of monuments, fauna, and flora. huge collections began to be gathered by governments in europe.
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How does evidence from the Scorpions tomb relate to evidence from Naga-ed-Der
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Scorpions tags bring credence to what is written on the Narmer Palette
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Who was Giovanni Belzoni and how did he influence the study of Egyptian antiquities?
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Italian strongman that began collecting antiquities for Henry Salt
Explored the Great Pyramid at Giza. Opened the upper entrance of Khafre's pyramid only to discover he was not the first to enter it since the burial. |
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Where are Hierakonpolis, Abydos, and Buto located?
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Buto is in lower egypt near mediterranean, Hierakonpolis is in upper, and Abydos is in between the two
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How were Henry Salt, Caviglia, and Drovetti related to Belzoni's explorations?
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Belzoni worked for Salt
Caviglia was his main rival who also worked for salt Drovetti was another competitor All rushed through exploring egypt and destroyed many things in an effort to claim them first |
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How does Buto 's culture differ from upper Egypts?
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But was originally dedicated to Wadjet(Cobra) while Upper was dedicated to Nekhbet(White Vulture)
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Would you characterize Belzoni and his contemporaries as as plunderers of ancient antiquities or as capable researchers and archaeologists? Or both? Explain.
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this is an opinion question
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What are some finds in the "Main Deposit" of Hierrakonpolis?
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Mace heads, ivory tages, and glazed pottery
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What do archaeologists mean by upper and lower egypt?
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upper egypt is in the south, lower egypt in in the north
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What is the importance of the small engraved tags found in Scorpion grave at Abydos?
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They are the first writings and tell us where tributes were brought from.
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What are some of the cultural and environmental differences in upper and lower egypt?
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Lower: pole-thatch huts in early
levels of site, Granaries present by 4100 BC, Burials under house floors Upper: Settlements of skin tents or small huts with hearths and grain silos of plastered straw and basketry Burials in cemeteries on desert fringe, away from houses |
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What does the Scorpion Macehead suggest about Scorpions political conquests?
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It suggests that Scorpion instigated attacks on Lower Egypt .
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What Does the Narmer Palette suggest about Narmer's conquest? How are Narmer's conquest and Political power depicted on the Palette?
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That he unified upper and lower eqypt. His power is depicted in the headdress he wears that combines that of upper and lower Egypt. Power also shows through his clubbing of what is Buto depicted as a man. Also shown is rows of Narmer's allies with Nome standards and rows of decapitated bodies
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Plants, animals, iconography, deities and crown style of upper egypt?
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white bowling pin crown, Nekhbet (vulture), lotus
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How do we know these figures are actually kings? What is a Serekh?
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The Palette depicts the Serekh which is a niched or gated facade depicting the palace surmounted by Horus, anything written inside is a Royal name. The name Scorpion was found in a serekh in the same deposit as his Macehead.
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Plants, animals, iconography, deities and crown style of lower egypt?
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red crown, wadjet (cobra), papyrus
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What were burials like in the late predynastic? What was included in the graves and how were the bodies treated?
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Bodies were placed in a contracted state in shallow desert graves in direct contact with sand. Artifacts include but are not limited to projectile points, calcite carvings, palettes, jewelry, ritual items : animal offerings, ash-filled pots, “fishtail”
flints used in the Ceremony of Opening the Mouth, charcoal sprinkled in the bottom of the grave, grain and liquid offerings and mud-filled jars. The ritual flint objects are always broken, suggesting that they were “killed” after use. |
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Differenec between kemet (black land) and deshret (red land), how did ancient egyptians perceive this difference?
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kemet is the fertlie soil, it brings life
deshret is the desert soil and hard land, it bring chaos and death |
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What is the earliest evidence for mummification? What might explain dismemberment and wrapping with linen in some burial?
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Earliest evidence of mummification comes from a Nagada II workers Cemetery 3.6-3.1k. Dismemberment may be from grave robbers who were trying to relieve the dead of their jewelry, matting may have occurred to protect the areas jewelry lay and that robbers would have gone for.
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How did kemet and deshret play into egyptian ideology and religion? How do they relate to the egyptian idea of maat?
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kemet (black) is represented by Osiris who was originally agricultural, death brings new life.
deshret is represented by the god seth, combination of many different animals maat is balance between life and death, she represents truth, and has a feather on her head.she measured the goodness of osiris heart |
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What other body treatment is evident in these burials? Is similar treatment evident at any other sites?
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Some burials have hands and heads padded with resin-soaked linen bundles then wrapped. Some have ritual cutting and dismemberment. There is evidence from Abydos of mummification via an arm wrapped in risen soaked linens in djers tomb
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Explain the Theogeny of the heliopolis and who are the major deities?
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NU is the primeval water from which Atum, the creator god (sun) comes from, he creates shu (male, air) and tefnut (female moisture) which gives birth to geb (earth) who hold up nut (sky, barrier to nu).
Geb and nut give birth to the gods osiris( underworld king) and seth (chaose), as well as isis (the throne) and nephthys (represented by a building and basket) isis and osiris give birth to Horus, king on earth |
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Why were the cemetery complexes located near the large rift in the Western cliffs and the wadi at Abydos?
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They were located near the Wadi because they believed that the wadi was the entrance to the underworld which they believed lay beyond the western horizon. The wadi cut through the Western mountains.
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what role did the goddess nut play in the daily cycle of rebirth of the earth?
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nut swallows the sun and gives birth to it each morning
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What explains the massive concentration of pottery at Umm El-Qaab, the area of the Royal tombs?
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By the middle kingdom it was thought that Umm el-Qaab was the burial place of the God Osiris. The concentration of pottery shards exists because people would travel from all around to take offerings to Osiris.
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what did the god geb represent?
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earth (egypt)
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Describe the evolution of royal burial treatment at Abydos during the earliest dynasties starting with Scorpions tomb complex.
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Scorpion king had a large pit lined with mud bricks and a mastab lieing over it. Royal tombs started growing grander with inclusions of funerary enclosures(with niched palace facad architecture), boat tombs, subsidiary burials(included limestone lining of the pit and coffins),
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relationship between osiris, isis, and seth
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osiris and seth are brothers, isis is osiris's wife and sister, seth kills osiris and isis puts him back together creating the first mummy so she can become pregnant with an heir. osiris becomes king of the underworld
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What is a mastaba? Why are there boats in the desert?
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A mastaba is a large low bench like building made of mud bricks. It was to parody the Primordial mound where the egyptians believed everything came from. Boats are in the desert because they were once used in the funeral procession.
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what is the significance of the contentions between osiris and seth?
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80 years of contentions between the two represent the struggle to unite upper and lower egypt
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What is the evidence for ritual sacrifices of retainers in Early dynastic period royal tomb complex based upon?
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Some tombs had everyone entombed at the same time but there isn't any skeletal evidence of sacrifice.
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who are the other creator gods in ancient egyptian mythology? how did their acts of creation differ from atum (bodily fluids)?
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khnum-from aswan, ram headed, created on potters wheel.
ptah- mummy with helmet from memphis, the world, and then spoke and the world made it so |
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Are people the only species found in subsidiary graves?
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During the Early dynastic, yes.
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How did ancient egyptians view their world and the netherworld?
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the world were reflections of each other in parallel dimensions.
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What is the age and sex composition of those interred in subsidiary graves?
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Burials from main enclosure are variable in age and sex; those from smaller
enclosures are all female • Burials from main enclosure generally show better health status than women in smaller enclosures |
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What do duat, akhet, and fields of iaru refer to?
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duat- netherworld, a water and earthy realm connected to the earth
akhet-horizona where the land and skies touch, transformation of the dead into beings of the afterlife field of iaru-a field prominent in the sky which is part of the duat. paradise |
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What is Gisr El Mudir?
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a massive enclosure that seems to date from the Second dynasty. Found to be masonry of roughly hewn limestone blocks in layers, making it the earliest known stone structure in Egypt.
Its builder is unknown, but it may have been built by Khasekhemwy. |
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What are the funerary texts associated with death and the afterlife?
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pyramid texts, coffin texts,
New Kingdom: book of the dead, book of the underworld or duat |
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Dynasty 2 and 3 Royal burials
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Funerary enclosure for Peribsen.
Khasekhemwy's tomb was on a massive scale, with several interconnecting mud-brick chambers, and the actual burial chamber being constructed of dressed limestone blocks. Djoser: step pyramid and enclosure in stone designed by imhotep, entrance and mortuary temple on N-Side, Serdab at SE corner, South tomb for Ka Pyramid size: Base= 121x109m, orig height =60m Djoser-ti: Unfinished pyramid and enclosure, south tomb Base= 120m^2 height= 7m intended to rise to 70m Khaba: layer pyramid planned with 5 steps base= 84m^2 height=20m Nebka: unfinished step pyramid consisting of substructure and razed superstructure Base=180x200m Huni: up to 8 small step pyramids from Athribis in the Delta to Elphantine(Aswan) most 3 steps(18-19m) |
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How did funerary texts assist the deceased?
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they may have acted as spells to transform and ressurrect the deceased,
they may also have been funeral ritual instruction they could be instructions for the dead when they awaken, or spells to protect them |
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Who was Imhotep and what was his role in the Pyramid construction?
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Imhotep was the royal architect who designed the Pyramid of Djoser(the Step Pyramid). This was the first step towards pyramids. Before Djoser Pharaohs were buried in Mastaba tombs
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how did the egyptians conceptualize the body in life and in deaht?
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the body in this life was the vessel for the spirit on earth, and then the spirit was it's own body in the afterlife. Kha restricted to corpse, Ba spirit of mobility between worlds,
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What architectural features were found in Djosers Mortuary enclosure?
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Heb Sed court(copy of King's jubilee, dumby facade), Southern tomb, Mortuary temple on north side of temple, Imitation of parishable material in stone, Serdab( a room that contains a statue of the deceased)
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what does the heart symbolize?
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the seat life, it become akh after weighing which is a transfigured being that mingles with the gods
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What might have been the mortuary function of the South Tomb?
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It has been proposed to house the ka in the afterlife.
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How did the concepts of the body in life and death factor into the mummification process?
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it was not so much about preservation of the body, but more about transfiguration of the corpse into a new body. it bound the spirit to the mortal remains so it could enter the afterlife. the ba and ka could not function with a decaying corpse.
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What was innovative about the subterranean portion of Djosers funerary complex?
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The entrance was built on the north side of the pyramid which would copied in later pyramids. It was heavily decorated.
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ka
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twin/double or life energy, restricted to corpse
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How was the Inner core of Djosers pyramid constructed and why?
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They built a crude core of rough stones and then encased it with limestone and packing in between.
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ba
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spirit of mobility, communicates between worlds
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Why might djoser have chosen Sakkara as the location for his pyramid when most of dynasty 2-3 predecessors were buried in Egypt?
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Because it was closer to Memphis and Memphis was the heart of power in Egypt
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ren
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name, identity
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How does djosers complex compare to those of later Dynasty 3 pharaohs?
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It was the only one to have a heb sed court, serdab, mortuary temple
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akh
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created after weighing heart, transfigured being who mingles with gods
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Where did khaba attempt to build his layer pyramid?
What is unique about Huni's pyramid construction? |
Zawiyet el Aryan.
Huni's had 8 small pyramids, most 3 steps |
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shuyet
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shadow, shade/protection, linked with sun, produces the image of the individual each day
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what are the ibu and the wabet and how do they figure inot funerary ritual processes?
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Purification of corpse at tent of purification (ibu); wood poles and reed mats on edge of waterway or valley temple
Embalming at wabet (pure); place of embalming and wrapping the body, possibly a mortuary temple |
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What are the purposes of the opening of the mouth ceremony?
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so mummy can eat,
breathe, and speak in afterworld |
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what are the ibu and the wabet and how do they figure inot funerary ritual processes?
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Purification of corpse at tent of purification (ibu); wood poles and reed mats on edge of waterway or valley temple
Embalming at wabet (pure); place of embalming and wrapping the body, possibly a mortuary temple |
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what is the purpose of the weighing of the heart ceremony?
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proved if you worthy to empty the afterlife by your good deeds
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What are the purposes of the opening of the mouth ceremony?
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so mummy can eat,
breathe, and speak in afterworld |
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what is the purpose of the weighing of the heart ceremony?
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proved if you worthy to empty the afterlife by your good deeds
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anubis
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protect deceased, embalming process
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isis and nepthys (as funerary godesses)
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protectors of the mummy
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anubis
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protect deceased, embalming process
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isis and nepthys (as funerary godesses)
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protectors of the mummy
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benu bird
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early version of phoenix, rebirth after death
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neith and selket
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selket with scorpion on head=the one who caused the throat to breath
neith, shield on head with arrows= violence and protection |
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scarab beetle headed god
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amun or ra
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ammut
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crocodile face, lion mane, and cheetah thing= devour-er of the dead and heavy hots.
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How did increasing aridity affect settlements in the predynastic?
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people moved toward nile valley, farming began
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Major developments of the predynastic?
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political organizations, material culture, agriculture and industries
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archaeological evidence from permanent organized communities during this period (early predynastic)?
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granaries, cemeteries, village remains,
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what was innovative at sneferu's first pyramid construction effort at medium (dyn 4)?
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there was no serdab, the mortuary temple was on the east rather than the north
it was constructed in three stage (first as two step pyramids and then a true pyramid) |
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what is a corbelled chamed and why was it used?
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a reverse pyramid inside the pyramid to support the weight of the rock. could have doubled the king's chances for ressurrection
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how was the causeway at meidum constructed? (it was the first known?)
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leads from pyramid to the mortuary temple
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what is turah limestone and why was it used to construct the outer casings of this and other early 4th dynasty pyramids?
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fine white limestone used to finish the outside of the pyramids and make them gleam
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why did sneferu abandon efforts to build his mortuary complex at Meidum?
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Perhaps he wanted to be closer to the fortress of the White Walls (Memphis), or maybe he wanted to found a new, more strategically located residential city.
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did the meidum pyramid collapse in the 4th dynasty? what evidence argues against this claim?
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no, the presence of a well-established cemetery of early 4th dynasty Mastaba tombs surrounding the pyramid, as well as the New kingdom graffiti in the mortuary temple, all make it more likely that the collapse came much later, and certainly no earlier than the New Kingdom .
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what is odd about the two stelae found near the pyramid at meidum?
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they are blank
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What evidence do we have that sneferu commisioned the pyramid at meidum?
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incriptions on individual blocks and on the interior of his name.
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Why is the bent pyramid bent? why was it considered unstable, and how did the builders try to handle the unstability?
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It began to crack,they changed the angle in order to help reduce the cracking that was occuring
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What is significant about the valley temple and enclosure wall associated with the bent pyramid?
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it was the first pyramid with these things
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why is the red pyramid the first true pyramid?
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first smooth sided pyramid
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what did the builders do at the red pyramid to avoid the problems that happened at the bent pyramid?
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give it a limestone foundation
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What subsidiary building are associated with the red pyramid?
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mortuary, temple, causeway and valley temple
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what evidence did Rainer stadelman find about the worker's gangs and how long it took them to build the red pyramid?
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17years due to graffiti on the blocks
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why were the valley temples built at the interfaces of the desert and valley
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because the corpse of a mummy took so long to prepare valley temples were located on the edge of the complex between the chaos of the desert and the order in the valley. it was a perfect boundary.
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