Life-Anatomy&phys Qtr 1 Exam 2

Front 1

Fibrous Pericardium

Back 1

Inelastic and anchors heart in place

Front 2

Serous Pericardium

Back 2

double layer around heart

Front 3

Parietal Layer

Back 3

--layer of the serous pericardium
--fused to fibrous pericardium

Front 4

Visceral Layer

Back 4

--layer of the serous pericardium
--inner layer tat adheres tightly to the heart

Front 5

Pericardial fluid

Back 5

Fills the serous pericardium and reduces friction during beating of the heart

Front 6

Epicardium

Back 6

Outer layer of the heart wall

Front 7

Myocardium

Back 7

Cardiac muscle of the heart wall
--two separate networks via gap junctions in intercalated discs (atrial and entricular)
--networks contact as a unit

Front 8

Endocardium

Back 8

--Squamous epithelium
--lines inside of the myocardium

Front 9

Three layers of the heart wall

Back 9

--Epicardium
--Myocardium
--Endocardium

Front 10

2 upper chambers of the heart

Back 10

-Atria
--between is interatrial septum
--contains fossa ovalis (remnant of foramen ovalis)

Front 11

2 lower chambers

Back 11

=ventricles
--between in interventricular septum

Front 12

Wall thickness depends on ...

Back 12

--work load
--Atria is the thinnest
--Right ventricle pumps to lungs & is thinner than the left

Front 13

Superior and Inferior Vena Cavae

Back 13

--delivers deoxygenated blood to right atrium from body

Front 14

Coronary sinus

Back 14

drains heart muscle veins

Front 15

Path of deoxygenated blood

Back 15

vena cavae (coronary sinus)--right atrium--right ventricle--through pulmonary trunk--R&L Pulmonary ARTERIES --lung

Front 16

Path of oxygenated blood

Back 16

pulmonary VEINS--light atrium--left ventricle--ascending aorta--body

Front 17

Ligamentum arteriosum

Back 17

between the pulmonary trunk & aortic arch

Fetal ductus arteriosum remnant

Front 18

Valves

Back 18

Designed to prevent back flow in response to pressure changes

Front 19

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

Back 19

between atria and ventricles

Front 20

Tricuspid Valve

Back 20

Between the right atria and right ventricle

has 3 cusps

Front 21

Bicuspid valve

aka

Back 21

mitral valve

Front 22

Bicuspid valve

Back 22

between the left atrium and left ventricle

Front 23

Semilunar valves

Back 23

--located near origin of aorta & pulmonary trunk
--"aortic & pulmonary valves"

Front 24

Coronary Circulation

Back 24

blood flow through vessels in myocardium

Front 25

Left and Right Coronary arteries

Back 25

--branch from aorta
--branch to carry blood throughout muscle

Front 26

Deoxygenated blood is collected by the

Back 26

coronary sinus (posterior) and empties into the right atrium

Front 27

Pacemaker and Conduction system

Back 27

1% of cardiac muscle generate action potentials
--normally begins at SA Node

Front 28

Pacemaker and Conduction System sequence

Back 28

-SA Node
--Atrium contract
--AV node slows
--AV bundle (Bundle of His)
--Purkinje Fibers (bundle branches)
--Apex and up
--ventricles contract

Front 29

Pacemaker

Back 29

--Depolarize spontaneously
--SA Node ~100x/min
--AV Node ~40-60x/min
in ventricle ~20-35x/min
***fastest one runs the heart = pacemaker
--NORMALLY the SA node

Front 30

Electrovardiogram -- what is it?

Back 30

Recording of currents from cardiac conduction on skin
--EKG or ECG

Front 31

ECG/EKG waves

Back 31

P-wave
QRS complex
T-Wave

Front 32

P-wave

Back 32

-atrial depolarization
-contraction begins right after peak
-repolarization is masked in QRS

Front 33

QRS complex

Back 33

Ventricular repolarization
--contraction of ventricle

Front 34

T-Wave

Back 34

Ventricular repolarization
--just after ventricles relax

Front 35

Cardiac Cycle - after T-Wave

Back 35

"Ventricle diastole"
-ventricular pressure drops below atrial
--AV valves open
--ventricular filling occurs

Front 36

Cardiac Cycle - After P-Wave

Back 36

"Atrial Systole"
--finishes filling ventricle (~25%)

Front 37

Cardiac Cycle - After QRS

Back 37

"Ventricle Systole"
--Pressure pushes AV valves closed
--Pushes semilunar valves open and ejection occurs
--Ejection until ventricle relaxes enough for atrial pressure to close semilunar valves

Front 38

Action Potential

Back 38

--Review Muscle
--Heart has addition of External Ca2+
--Creates a plateau
--Prolonged depolarized period
--Can NOT go into tetanus

Front 39

Cardiac Cycle

Back 39

1) Relaxation period
2) Atrial systole
3) Ventricular systole

Front 40

Cardiac output

Back 40

"CO"
=liters/min pumped

Front 41

Heart Rate

Back 41

"HR"
beats/minute
bpm

Front 42

Stroke Volume

Back 42

"SV"
volume/beat

Front 43

CO=

Back 43

HR x SV

Front 44

Frank-Starling Law

Back 44

--"degree of stretch"
-increase diastolic volume increases strength of contraction, which results in increased SV (stroke volume)
--Increased venous return --> increased SV

Front 45

High back pressure in artery --> ?

Back 45

decreased SV (stroke volume)
--slows semilunar valve opening

Front 46

Controls HR

Back 46

--Pacemaker adjusted by nerves
--Parasympathetic
--Sympathetic
--Sensory input for control

Front 47

How is HR controlled by nerves

Back 47

cardiovascular center is in the medulla oblongata which adjusts the pacemaker

Front 48

How HR is controlled by the parasympathetic system

Back 48

ACh slows

VIA vagus nerve

Front 49

How HR is controlled by the sympathetic system

Back 49

norepinephrine speeds HR

Front 50

How HR is controlled by sensory input

Back 50

--BARORECEPTORS (aortic arch & carotid sinus) BP
--CHEMORECEPTORS (O2, CO2, pH)

Front 51

How hormones control HR

Back 51

--Epinephrine & norepinephrine increase HR
--Thyroid hormones stimulate HR
--"tachycardia'

Front 52

How IONS control HR

Back 52

--increased Na+ or K+ decrease HR & contraction force
--Increased Ca2+ increases HR & contraction force

Front 53

Arteries

Back 53

--carry blood away from heart
1) Elastic: large
2) Muscular: distribution to organs
3) Arterioles: Distribution to capillaries

Front 54

Arterioles: BP

Back 54

the smooth muscles of arterioles help regulate blood pressure

Front 55

Capilaries

Back 55

thin-walled for diffusion

Front 56

Veins

Back 56

--carry blood back to heart
1) Venules: from capillaries
2) Veins from tissues --> Vena cavae-->heart

Front 57

Three layers of blood vessels

Back 57

external, middle and inner

Front 58

Tunica

Back 58

the three layers of the blood vessel

Front 59

Arteries: structure

Back 59

have a thicker tunica media
--elastic tissue and/or muscle

Front 60

veins: structure

Back 60

--larger lumen, thinner walls
--valves prevent backflow

Front 61

Venules: structure

Back 61

very thin, no valves

Front 62

Vasoconstriction

Back 62

"narrowing"
--sympathetic activity to smooth muscle
--decreased sympathetic activity = relaxation

Front 63

Arterioles: function

Back 63

adjust flow into capillaries

Front 64

Capillaries: Function

Back 64

Sites of gas exchange

Front 65

Systemic venules and veins: function

Back 65

serve as blood reservoirs
--hold ~ 64% total blood volume

Front 66

Capillaries are composed of

Back 66

endothelium

Front 67

Capillary filling is controlled by

Back 67

small arterioles and precapillary sphincters

Front 68

Auto Regulation

Back 68

ability of a tissue to adjust blood flow into the area according to demands

Front 69

Slowest rate of flow is through

Back 69

the capillaries
--allows for time to exchange through wall

Front 70

How does blood pressure affect capillary exchange

Back 70

pushes out of capillary
--permits filtration of fluid out of capillary
--mostly in first half of capillary network

Front 71

Colloid osmotic pressure

Back 71

--pulls into capillary
--Plasma proteins create this "pulling" pressure
--Causes reabsorption of fluid from outside to inside

Front 72

Balance of BP and osmosis determines

Back 72

--fluid in circulation
--excess fluid returned via lymphatic system
--local signals can adjust capillary flow (autoregulation)

Front 73

Mechanisms of venous Return

Back 73

--blood enters veins at very low pressure
--skeletal muscle contractions

Front 74

How does blood entering vein at low pressure affect venous return

Back 74

inadequate to overcome gravity and return blood to heart

Front 75

how does skeletal muscle contractions affect venous return

Back 75

--contracting skeletal muscles (especially in lower limbs) squeeze veins emptying them
--because of venous valves, flow is towards heart

Front 76

Respiratory pump

Back 76

--similar to skeletal muscle contractions
--inhalation decreases thoracic pressure and increases abdominal pressure --> blood to heart
--exhalation allows refilling of abdominal veins

Front 77

Down Pressure Gradient

Back 77

Blood flowing from high pressure area to a lower pressure area

Front 78

Greater gradient =

Back 78

greater flow

Front 79

BP is highest in

Back 79

aorta

*pulses in large arteries

Front 80

BP declines as ...

Back 80

it flows through more vessels

Front 81

Arterioles: drop in BP--why?

Back 81

due to smooth muscle contraction --> vasoconstriction

Front 82

Factors that regulate blood flow and BP

Back 82

1) Blood volume and ventricular contraction --> cardiac output
2) Vascular resistance

Front 83

Vascular Resistance

Back 83

opposition to flow (depends on lumen diameter and vessel length + blood viscosity

Front 84

Small lumen with vasoconstriction =

Back 84

greater resistance

Front 85

Greater vessel length with weight gain =

Back 85

greater resistance

Front 86

Higher viscosity as wit high hematocrit =

Back 86

greater resistance

Front 87

Cardiovascular Center is located in the

Back 87

Medulla oblongata

Front 88

Cardiovascular center helps regulate

Back 88

-Heart Rate
-Stroke volume
-blood pressure
-blood flow to specific tissues

Front 89

Mechanisms of the Cardiovascular Center

Back 89

--By neural mechanisms
--By hormonal mechanisms

Front 90

Cerebral cortex

Back 90

thoughts, decisions

Front 91

Limbic System

Back 91

emotions

Front 92

Hypothalamus

Back 92

changes in temperature or blood volume-->blood flow adjusted accordingly

Front 93

Input to Cardiovascular Center - why?

Back 93

to inform brain that BP should be altered

Front 94

Input from sensory receptors and nerves

Back 94

proprioceptors, barorecepors, chemoreceptors

Front 95

Proprioceptors

Back 95

monitor movements of joints and muscles
--causes HR to increase as exercise begins, which increases cardiac output, which increases BP

Front 96

Baroreceptors and sympathetic

Back 96

in aorta and carotid
--IF BP decrease, the there's an increase in sympathetic stimulation, which increases CO, which increase BP

Front 97

Baroreceptors and parasympathetic

Back 97

IF BP decreases, there's a decrease in parasympathetic, increase in CO, and an increase in BP

Front 98

Chemoreceptors:

Back 98

in aorta and carotid bodies
--If low O2, high CO2, or high H+, increase resistance by increase vasoconstriction, and increase in BP

Front 99

Input to cardiovascular center happens through

Back 99

nerve impulses

Front 100

Input to cardiovascular center: 4 ways...

Back 100

--higher brain centers
--proprioceptors
--baroreceptors
--chemoreceptors

Front 101

Types of circulatory routes

Back 101

--systemic
--pulmonary

Front 102

Systemic circulation

Back 102

oxygenated blood travels from heart throughout body, deoxygenating as it goes

Front 103

all systemic arteries branch from

Back 103

Aorta

Front 104

All systemic veins empty into:

Back 104

vena cava
Inferior vena cava
coronary sinus

Front 105

Pulmonary Circulation

Back 105

carries blood from right side of heart to lungs to get O2 and eliminate CO2

Front 106

Route of Pulmonary Circulation

Back 106

RV--Pulmonary trunk--R/L pulmonary arteries--both lungs--pulmonary capillaries--R/L pulmonary veins--L atrium

Front 107

Function of Pulmonary capillaries

Back 107

gas exchange in lungs

Front 108

Hepatic Portal Circulation

Back 108

Portal veins -- GI organs -- Splenic and superior mesenteric veins -- hepatic portal vein -- sinusoids -- hepatic vein -- inferior vena cava

Front 109

Portal Vein

Back 109

transports blood from one organ's capillary bed to another

Front 110

Sinusoids

Back 110

"leaky capillaries" in live
--mixes deoxygenated with oxygenated blood

Front 111

Fetal Circulation

Back 111

specialized for exchange of materials with maternal blood and bypass of lungs