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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is paternalism?
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when someone fails to recognize another individuals rights and autonomy
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What is veracity?
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Obligation of health care providers to tell the truth
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What is fidelity?
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Defined as the moral duty to keep commitments that have been promised
Related to confidentiality |
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What are the components if Disablement model?
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Impairment
Functional Limitation Disability |
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What are components of WHO model?
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Disease
Impairment Disability Handicap |
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What are the components of Nagi model?
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Pathology
Impairment Functional limitation Disability |
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Name the general types of Health Behavior Models
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Health Belief Model
Locus of Control Social Cognitive Theory (social learning theory) Trans-theoretical Model |
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What are the 5 stages of dying?
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Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance
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What is constant practice?
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Practice of a given task under uniform condition
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What is massed practice?
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Amount of practice time is greater than the amount of rest in between trials
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What is distributed practice?
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Amount of rest time in between trials is equal to or greater than practice trial time
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What is random practice?
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Varying practice amongst different tasks
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What is blocked practice?
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Consistent practice of a single task
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What is concurrent validity?
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Degree to which the measurement being validated agrees with an established measurement standard administered at approximately the same time
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What is construct validity?
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The extent to which what was to be measured was actually measured
Based on theory, not statistical analysis |
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What is content validity?
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Degree to which items in an instrument represent all of the facets of the variable being measured
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What is criterion validity?
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Degree to which a relationship exists between a measurement being validated and other measures.
(Concurrent validity and predictive validity) |
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What is external validity?
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Degree to which the results of the research study are generalizable
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What is internal validity?
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Degree to which the reported outcomes are a consequence of the relationship between indepedent and dependent variable and not extraneous factors
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What is predictive validity?
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Ability of an instrument to predict the occurrence of a future behavior or event.
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What is an independent variable?
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The factors being manipulated by researcher
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What is a dependent variable?
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The factors used to measure the effect of the independent variable
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What is a Nominal level of measurement?
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broad categories that participants fit into (male, female)
-weakest level of measurement |
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What is Ordinal level of measurement?
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Ranking scale
(MMT, level of assistance) |
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What is Interval level of measurement?
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Metric measurement where distance between any two numbers is of equal amounts.
(Celsius temperature, calendar time) |
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What is ratio level of measurement?
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Metric measurement scale where unit of measurement is arbitrary, but there is an absolute zero.
(weight, height) |
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What is simple random sampling?
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Subjects have an equal chance of being selected for sample (numbers picked out of hat)
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What is systematic sampling?
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Subjects are selected by taking every Nth subject from the population
(more efficient than simple random sampling, used with big studies) |
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What is stratified random sampling?
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Subjects randomly selected from predetermined characteristics related to a particular study
-lowers sampling error, enhances sample representation |
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What is cluster sampling?
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Subjects selected based on a random sample of naturally occurring groups
(less costly and more efficient than simple random sampling |
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What is convenience sampling?
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Subjects are selected as they become available until the desired sample is reached
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What are the 3 types of non-probability sampling that PTs use?
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Convenience sampling
Purposive sampling Snowball sampling |
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What is purposive sampling?
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Subjects deliberately selected based on predefined criteria chosen by investigators
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What is snowball sampling?
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Subjects are identified by asking existing subjects to identify names of other potential participants.
-used when members of a given sample are difficult to identify |
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What is Hawthorne Effect?
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An untreated subject experiences a change simply from participating in a research study (placebo effect)
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What is the alpha level of significance?
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Expresses probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true
Traditional values are .05 and .01 |
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What is a one-tailed test?
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Used when investigators have a prior expectation about the size of a sample mean and want to test whether it is larger or smaller than the population mean
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What is sensitivity?
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Percentage of individuals with a particular diagnosis that are correctly identified as positive
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What is specificity?
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Percentage of individuals without a particular diagnosis that are correctly identified as negative
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What is a two-tailed test?
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Used when investigators do not have a prior expectation about the size of a sample mean and want to test whether it is different from the population mean in either direction
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What is a Type 1 error (alpha)?
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Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is in fact true. (Saying there is a difference when there really isn't)
If the level of significance was set at .01, there would be a 1% chance of type 1 error |
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What is Type 2 error (beta)?
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Accepting the null hypothesis when it is in fact false. (concluding the intervention didn't have a positive outcome on a dependent variable when it actually did)
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What is the most important measure of central tendency?
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MODE
Mode is always in the middle |
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What is a median?
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Point on a distribution at which 50% of the values fell above and below.
If number of values is odd, median is the middle value. If number of values is even, median found by determining the mean of the two middle values |
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What is a mode?
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The value that occurs most frequently
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What is normal distribution?
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Bell shaped curve
68% of all values fall within one standard deviation above or below mean 95% of all values fall within 2 SD above/below mean 99% of all values fall within 3 SD above/below mean |
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What is skewness?
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Refers to symmetry or lack of symmetry in shape of frequency distribution.
Left Skewed: mean and median to left of mode Right skewed: mean and median to right of mode |
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What is standard deviation?
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Average deviation of values around the mean.
Equals square root of the variance |
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What is a variance?
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Sum of the squared deviation from the mean divided by the total number of values
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What is parametric statistics?
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Assume that samples come from populations that are normally distributed and there is homogeneity
Applied to both interval and ratio data Ex: t test, z test, ANOVA |
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what is a t-test?
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Comparing a mean with a norm or comparing two means with sample sizes less than or equal to 30
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What is a z test?
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Comparing a mean with a norm or comparing two means for larger sample sizes greater than 30
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What is an independent t test?
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Answers the question "Is there a difference between two groups?"
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What is a dependent t test?
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answers "is there a difference within the same group?"
used for pre-test/ post-test measurements |
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what is an analysis of variance?
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Compares differences between two or more population means by analyzing sample variances
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What is a one way ANOVA?
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Answers "is there a difference between 2 or more groups?"
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What is a two way ANOVA?
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Compares 2 or more population means with 2 or more independent variables
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What is non-parametric statistics?
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Do not assume that samples come from populations that are normally distributed.
Applied most commonly to nominal or ordinal level data |
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What is a Chi square?
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Determines the probability that group differences result from chance
Uses nominal level data |
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What is a Mann-Whitney test?
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Examines differences between 2 groups
non-parametric version of independent t test |
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What is a Kruskal-Wallis test?
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To determine if there is a difference between 3 or more groups (control group and experimental groups)
non-parametric version of one way anova |
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What is a Wilcoxon Signed Rank test?
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Examines differences within the same group
non-parametric version of dependent t test |
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What is a correlation coefficient?
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measure of the linear relationship between paired variables in a sample
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What is a perfect positive correlation?
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For every unit increase in one variable there is a proportionate unit increase in another variable.
= +1.0 |
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What is perfect negative correlation?
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For every unit increase in one variable there is a proportionate unit decrease in the other variable.
=-1.0 |
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What is Pearson product moment correlation (r)?
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Type of correlation statistic that requires interval level data.
-1.0-+1.0 |
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What is Spearman rho?
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Type of correlation statistic that requires ordinal level data.
-1.0-+1.0 |
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What is a histogram?
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Graphical display of frequency distribution
Measurement of interest on x axis Number/percentage of observations on y axis |
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What is a dotplot?
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Each piece of data is plotted as a dot along a horizontal scale.
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What is a stem and leaf plot?
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Enables reader to see entire distribution of data.
Data organized into categories then dividing number into 2 digits Digit on left of vertical line (stem) and second on right (leaves) Leaves should be repeated |
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What is a scatterplot?
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Illustrates relationship between two measures or variables measured on numeric scale
Each value is a point on plot |
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What is a box and whisker plot?
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constructed based on information from stem and leaf plot.
Illustrates frequencies and distribution of the data, and commonly used to illustrate certain locations in the distribution |
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What is a meta-analysis?
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A Statistical strategy for deriving a single numerical estimate from the results of several RCTs
Pools trials to increase sample size |
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What is a cohort study?
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Observational study of subjects over time with a specific condition and/or receiving particular treatment, compared with another group who are not affected by the condition
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What is the order from most reliable to least reliable studies?
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Systematic Reviews
Meta-Analysis RCTs Cohort Studies Case control Studies Cross-sectional studies Case Series Case Report |
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What is a case control study?
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Involves pts who already have a particular disease being matched with controls, and data on past exposure to possible cause agents are collected. Histories then compared
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What is a cross-sectional study?
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Collects data about a phenomenon during a single point in time "snapshot"
Used to assess prevalence of acute or chronic conditions |
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What is a case series and case report?
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Case report describes the medical hx of a single pt in form of story
Case series is a collection of similar reports |
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What is an Active control group?
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The control is a treatment that is already in use because use of a placebo would be unethical
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What is a matching/pairing group?
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Investigators identify pairs of subjects who have identical characteristics before randomizing them so each one gets different intervention.
This will reduce the influence of other factors on the results |
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What is a cross over trial group?
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Each patient receieves two interventions (treatment and control) in random order separated by a period of no treatment
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Describe the Berg balance scale
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Assesses risk of falls
14 tasks, scores 0-4 Max score 56 If score lower than 45, increased risk for falling |
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Describe the functional reach test
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Used to assess standing balance and risk of falls
3 Trials performed and averaged together Norm Range: 20-40 years 14.5-17 inches 41-69 years 13.5-15 inches 70-87 years 10.5-13.5 inches Pt below age range has increased risk of falling |
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Describe the Get Up and Go test
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assesses person's level of mobility and balance
sit-stand-walk-turn (no device)-walk-sit 5 point ordinal rating scale, where one is normal, 5 is severely abnormal Pts over 20 sec to complete increased risk of falling |
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Describe the Romberg test
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Pt in unsupported standing, arms crossed, feet together, eyes closed
Pt gets grade of "normal" if maintain position for 30 seconds |
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Describe the Tinetti test
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Used to assess risk of falling, 2 sections
section 1: sit to stand, stand bal eyes closed, turn 360, stand perturbations scored 0-2, max 16 section2: gait at normal and rapid speed score 0-1, or 0-2, max 12 Max total 28, less than 19 risk of falls |
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Describe the Mini Mental state exam
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Screens for cognitive impairment, psychoses, or affective disorder
five sections, 1 is correct, 0 is wrong Max score of 30 Score less than 24 is cognitive impaired |
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Describe the Short Portable Mental Status questionnaire
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10 item screening tool for geriatrics
Max score 10, score below 8 is cognitive impairment |
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Describe the Frenchay Arm Test
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Assesses coordination and dexterity
5 activities, 3 attempts each task score of 1 for successful completion, 0 for failure to complete |
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Describe the Jebsen Hand function test
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Assesses hand function using seven timed activities.
Results compared to normative data |
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Describe BORGs RPE
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Measures exertion, dyspnea, and exercise intensity.
6-20 or 0-10. 20 is high intensity exercise that cannot be completed due to exhaustion Score correlates with HR, exercise intensity, oxygen consumption, and blood lactate levels Cardiopulm training effects seen with exercise intensity beginning at 14 or 4-5 |
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Describe the dyspnea rating scale
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Measures dyspnea level with activity
0-4 scale Pt at level 0 is able to perform an activity and count to 15 without any additional breaths level 4 the pt is unable to count while performing an activity. Not valid, but can measure progress |
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Describe the 6 MWT
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Determines pt's functional exercise capacity
used with admission, discharge, and monitor progress/decline Allows for observation of HR and oxygen consumption during activity |
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Describe the Fugl-Meyer assessment
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Ordinal scale used to measure recovery post CVA (based on Brunstromm)
five areas, score 0-3 Max score 100, correlates with motor recovery |
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Describe the Montreal Evaluation
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Determines pt's level of mobility by examining 6 specific areas
ordinal scale 0-3, based on NDT |
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Describe Rivermead Motor Assessment
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based on NDT
3 sections: gross function, leg and trunk, and arm Each section subscale of tasks which increase in difficulty 1=completion, 0=inability to perform high level of sensitivity with higher level patients, reliable |
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Describe the Barthel Index
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Measures amount of assistance needed to perform 10 different activities with max score 100
75-95 mild impairment 50-70 moderate impairment 20-45 severe impairment Reliable, possesses predictive validity |
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Describe the Functional Independence Measure (FIM)
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Measures pts level of disability and burden of care
7 point scale to examine 18 areas Levels 1-5 some level of dependence Levels 6-7 level of independence Valid and reliable |
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Describe the Katz Index of ADLs
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Nominal scale to identify self-care problems and level of assistance required with 6 areas of ADLs.
Letter grade A through G for final A=independence, in all 6 areas G=dependence in all 6 areas |
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Describe the Alberta Infant Motor Scale
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Motor development
Ages birth to walking |
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Describe Bayley scale of Infant Development 2
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Screens 4 domains for developmental delay and need for further evaluation
One month to 42 months |
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Describe the FIM for Children (WeeFIM)
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Assesses and notes progression of functional independence
use 6 months to 7 years |
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Describe the Milani-Comparetti Motor Development Screening Test
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Measures functional motor skills and related reflexes
use birth to 2 years |
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Describe the Movement Assessment of Infants
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Focus on infants treated in neonatal intensive care
Identifies motor dysfunction and establishes baseline Use birth to 12 months |
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Describe the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment
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Focus on interactive behavior, competence and neurological status
Use from 3 days to 4 weeks |
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Describe the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales
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Detailed assessment with instruction programming
Gross and fine motor skills Use from birth to 83 months |
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Describe the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI)
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Assessment of functional skills
Designed for rehab use Use from 6 months to 7.5 years |
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