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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What parts make up the Diencephalon?
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Hypothalamus
Infundibulum Optic Chiasm |
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What parts make up the mesencephalon?
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midbrain
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What does the calcarine sulcus separate?
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Separates occipital lobe into superior and inferior halves
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What does the central sulcus separate?
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frontal and parietal lobes laterally
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What is the meninges?
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three layers of connective tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater)
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What is CSF produced by?
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The choroid plexus of each ventricle
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What does the Anterior Corticospinal tract do?
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motor tract responsible for ipsilateral voluntary movement
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What does Lateral Corticospinal tract do?
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motor tract responsible for contralateral fine voluntary movement
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What does Fasciculus Gracilis do?
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sensory tract for trunk and lower extremity proprioception, two-point discrimination, vibration, and graphesthesia
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What does Fasciculus Cuneatus do?
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sensory tract for trunk, neck and upper extremity proprioception, vibration, two-point discrimination and graphesthesia
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What does the Rubrospinal Tract do?
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motor tract responsible for motor input of gross postural tone
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What does Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract do?
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sensory tract for ipsilateral and contralateral subconscious proprioception
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What does Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract do?
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sensory tract for ipsilateral subconscious proprioception
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What does Spinothalamic tract do?
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sensory tract for pain, light touch, and temperature
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What does Tectospinal tract do?
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motor tract responsible for contralateral posture muscle tone associated with auditory/visual stimuli
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What does Vestibulospinal tract do?
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motor tract responsible for ipsilateral gross postural adjustments subsequent to head movements
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What are the paresthesia areas for C3?
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cheek, side of neck
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What are the paresthesia areas for C4?
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horizontal band along clavicle and upper scap
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What are the paresthesia areas for C6?
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thumb and index finger
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What are the paresthesia areas for C7?
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index, middle, ring fingers
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What are the paresthesia areas for C8?
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little finger
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What are the paresthesia areas for L1?
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groin, after holding posture which causes pain
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What are the paresthesia areas for L2?
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anterior thigh
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What are the paresthesia areas for L3?
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medial knee and anterior lower leg
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What are the paresthesia areas for L4?
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medial aspect of calf and ankle
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What are the paresthesia areas for L5?
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lateral aspect of leg, medial 3 toes
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What are the paresthesia areas for S1?
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Lateral two toes, lateral foot, lateral leg to knee, plantar aspect of foot
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What are the paresthesia areas for S2?
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lateral leg, knee, and heel
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What are the paresthesia areas for S4?
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saddle area, genitals, anus, impotence, massive posterior herniation
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What are the muscle weakness myotomes for C2?
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longus colli, SCM, rectus capitis
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What are the muscle weakness myotomes for C3?
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Traps, splenius capitis
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What are the muscle weakness myotomes for C4?
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Traps, levator scap
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What are the muscle weakness myotomes for C5?
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supraspinatus, infraspinatus, deltoid, biceps
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What are the muscle weakness myotomes for C6?
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biceps, supinator, wrist extensors
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What are the muscle weakness myotomes for C7?
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triceps, wrist flexors
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What are the muscle weakness myotomes for C8?
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Ulnar deviators, thumb extensors, thumb adductors
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`
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What are the muscle weakness myotomes for L2?
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psoas, hip adductors
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What are the muscle weakness myotomes for L3?
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psoas, quads, thigh atrophy
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What are the muscle weakness myotomes for L4?
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Tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis
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What are the muscle weakness myotomes for L5?
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Extensor hallucis
peroneals glute med dorsiflexors hamstring and calf atrophy |
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What are the muscle weakness myotomes for S1?
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calf and hamstrings
wasting of gluteals, peroneals, plantar flexors |
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What are the muscle weakness myotomes for S2?
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same as S1 except peroneals
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What are the muscle weakness myotomes for S4?
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bladder, rectum
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Which reflexes affected with C5-C6 nerve root problem?
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biceps, brachioradialis
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Which reflexes affected with C7-C8 nerve root problem?
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triceps
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Which reflexes affected with L3 nerve root problem?
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knee jerk sluggish, PKB postive, pain on full SLR
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Which reflexes affected with L4 nerve root problem?
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SLR limited
neck flexion pain weak or absent knee jerk side flexion limited |
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Which reflexes affected with L5 nerve root problem?
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SLR limited one side
ankle decreased |
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Which reflexes affected with S1 nerve root problem?
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SLR limited, Achilles reflex weak or absent
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Which reflexes affected with S2 nerve root problem?
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same as S1
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What does the Dorsal Scapular nerve innervate?
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Rhomboids
Levator Scap |
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What does the Long thoracic nerve innervate?
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Serratus Anterior
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What does the suprascapular nerve innervate?
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Infraspinatus
Supraspinatus |
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What does the lateral pectoral nerve innervate?
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Pec Major
Pec Minor |
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What does the Musculocutaneous nerve innervate?
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Coracobrachialis
Biceps brachii Brachialis |
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What does the lateral root of the median nerve innervate?
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flexors muscles of forearm (except FCU)
5 muscles in the hand |
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What does the medial pectoral nerve innervate?
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Pec Major
Pec Minor |
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What does the ulnar nerve innervate?
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1.5 muscles of the forearm and most small muscles of the hand
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What does the medial root of the median nerve innervate?
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flexor muscles of the forearm (except FCU)
5 muscles in the hand |
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What does the upper subscapular nerve innervate?
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subscapularis
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What does the thoracodorsal nerve innervate?
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Latissimus Dorsi
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What does the lower subscapular nerve innervate?
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subscapularis
teres major |
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What does the axillary nerve innervate?
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deltoid
teres minor |
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What does the radial nerve innervate?
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Brachioradialis
Extensor muscles of forearm |
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Which muscles does the lumbar plexus innervate?
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Psoas Major and Minor
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Which muscles does the Sacral Plexus innervate?
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Superior and Inferior Gemelli
Piriformis Obturator Internus Quadratus Femoris |
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Which muscles does the Inferior Gluteal Nerve innervate?
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Gluteus Maximus
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Which muscles does the Superior Gluteal Nerve innervate?
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Glute Med
Glute Min TFL |
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Which muscles does the Superficial Peroneal Nerve innervate?
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Peroneus Longus
Peroneus Brevis |
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Which muscle does the Sciatic Nerve-Common Peroneal division innervate?
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Biceps Femoris (short head)
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Which muscles does the Deep Peroneal Nerve innervate?
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Extensor Digitorum Longus
Tibialis Anterior |
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Which muscles does the Sciatic Nerve-Tibial Division innervate?
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Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus Popliteus Soleus Plantaris Tibialis Posterior Gastrocnemius Biceps Femoris (long head) Flexor Hallucis Longus Flexor Digitorum Longus |
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Which muscles does the Femoral Nerve innervate?
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Illiacus
Quads Sartorius Pectineus |
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Which muscles does the Obturator Nerve innervate?
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Adductor Longus
Adductor Brevis Adductor Magnus Gracilis Obturator Externus |
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Which muscles does the Medial Plantar nerve innervate?
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Abductor Hallucis
Lumbrical 1 Flexor Digitorum Brevis Flexor Hallucis Longus |
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Which muscles does the Lateral Plantar nerve innervate?
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Abductor Digiti Minimi
Dorsal Interossei Plantar Interossei Quadratus Plantae Adductor Hallucis Lumbricals 2-4 Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis |
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What is the grading system for DTR's?
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0-no reflex
1+ diminished response 2+ normal response 3+ brisk response 4+ very brisk, hypertonic, clonus |
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What are some differences between A and C fibers?
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A fibers large and fast, myelinated
C fibers small and slow, unmyelinated usually, with receptors for pain, temp, and touch A fibers receptors for muscle length/tension, pain, cold and touch |
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Describe Neuroapraxia
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mild peripheral nerve injury
nerve conduction preserved proximal and distal to lesion recovery in 4-6 weeks |
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Describe Axonotmesis
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moderate nerve injury
distal Wallerian degeneration can occur Regrowth distal to injury can occur 1 milimeter per day |
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Describe Neurotmesis
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Irreversible damage to nerves
No possibility of regeneration |
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How does Anterior Horn cell injury present?
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Sensory intact
Motor weakness and atrophy fasciculations decreased DTR |
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Name 3 examples of Anterior horn cell injury
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Polio
ALS SMA |
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What is a disease of the neuromuscular junction?
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Myasthenia Gravis (Sensory intact, motor fatigue noted, Normal DTR)
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