Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
188 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Name 3 types of Fibrous Joints (synarthroses)
|
Suture, Syndesmosis, Gomphosis
|
|
|
Name types of Cartilaginous Joints (Amphiarthroses)
|
Synchondrosis (sternum and ribs), and Symphysis (pubic)
|
|
|
Name 2 Examples of Uniaxial Joints
|
Hinge (elbow)
Pivot (atlantoaxial joint) |
|
|
Name 2 Examples of Biaxial Joints
|
Condyloid (MCP of finger)
Saddle (CMC of thumb) |
|
|
Name 3 joints of shoulder
|
Sternoclavicular joint, Acromioclavicular joint, Glenohumeral Joint
*scapulothoracic articulation |
|
|
Name the ligaments that stabilize the Hip
|
Iliofemoral, Ischiofemoral, Pubofemoral
|
|
|
Name the ligaments of the knee
|
ACL, PCL, Medial collateral, Lateral collateral ligament, Deep medial capsular ligament
|
|
|
Name the medial ligament of the ankle
|
Deltoid ligament
|
|
|
Name the lateral ligaments of the ankle
|
Anterior talofibular
Anterior tibiofibular Calcaneofibular Lateral talocalcaneal Posterior talofibular |
|
|
What is the sensitivity of free nerve endings?
|
noxious and non-noxious mechanical stress
|
|
|
What is the sensitivity of Golgi Ligament Endings?
|
stretching or tension on ligaments
|
|
|
What is the sensitivity of Golgi-Mazzoni Corpuscles?
|
compression of the knee joint capsule
|
|
|
What is the sensitivity of Pacinian corpuscles?
|
Vibration, acceleration, and velocity changes in joint position
Found in fibrous layer of all joint capsules |
|
|
What is the sensitivity of Ruffini endings?
|
stretching, amplitude, and velocity of joint position
|
|
|
Where are ruffini endings found?
|
fibrous layer of joint capsule
|
|
|
Where are golgi ligament endings found?
|
Ligaments, distributed to most joints
|
|
|
What motions occur in frontal/coronal plane?
|
abduction and adduction
|
|
|
What motions occur in the saggital plane?
|
flexion and extension
|
|
|
What motions occur in a transverse plane?
|
Internal and External Rotation
|
|
|
Give an example of a first class lever.
|
Triceps working to lower a load
|
|
|
Give example of second class lever.
|
Triceps doing a push up where gravity is the force
|
|
|
Give example of third class lever.
|
shoulder abduction with weight at the wrist. Also, elbow flexion
|
|
|
In a class 2 lever, the ______arm is always longer than the ______arm
|
effort arm is longer than resistance arm
|
|
|
In class 3 lever, the ________ arm is always longer than the ______ arm
|
resistance arm is longer than effort arm
|
|
|
What is the prime effort in a class 2 lever? What is the resistance?
|
gravity=effort
muscle activity=resistance |
|
|
What is the most common lever type in the body?
|
class 3 lever.
|
|
|
Describe the protocol for DeLorme exercise program.
|
3 sets:
10 reps X 50% of 10 rep max 75% 100% |
|
|
Describe protocol for Oxford technique of exercise program
|
3 Sets
10 reps X 100% of 10 rep max. 75% 50% |
|
|
Describe Isometric contraction.
|
The length of the muscle does not change but tension still develops.
|
|
|
Describe Isotonic exercise.
|
The length of muscles may shorten and/or lengthen while resisting a constant load. (weight lifting)
|
|
|
Describe Isokinetic exercise.
|
The weight of load is variable and muscles may shorten or lengthen while using constant maximal speed over full range of motion. (equipment used, and this type of exercise not that common)
|
|
|
Close packed position of spine
|
Extension
|
|
|
Close packed position of TMJ
|
clenched teeth
|
|
|
Close packed position of Glenohumeral joint
|
Abduction and External Rotation
|
|
|
Close packed position of Acromioclavicular joint
|
Arm abducted to 90 degrees
|
|
|
Close packed position of Sternoclavicular joint
|
Maximal shoulder elevation
|
|
|
Close packed position of ulnohumeral joint (elbow)
|
Extension
|
|
|
Close packed position of Radiohumeral joint
|
Elbow flexed to 90 deg, forearm supinated 5 deg
|
|
|
Close packed position of Proximal and distal Radioulnar joint
|
5 deg supination
|
|
|
Close packed position of radiocarpal (wrist) joint
|
Extension with radial deviation
|
|
|
Close packed position of MCP fingers
|
Full flexion
|
|
|
Close packed position of MCP thumb
|
Full opposition
|
|
|
Close packed position of Interphalangeal joints
|
Full extension
|
|
|
Close packed position of Hip joint
|
Full extension, Internal Rotation
|
|
|
Close packed position of knee joint
|
Full extension, lateral rotation of tibia
|
|
|
CLose packed position of the talocrural (ankle) joint
|
MAximum dorsiflexion
|
|
|
Close packed position of the subtalar joint
|
supination
|
|
|
Close packed position of the Midtarsal joint
|
supination
|
|
|
Close packed position of the tarsometatarsal joint
|
Supination
|
|
|
Close packed position of the metatarsalphalangeal joint
|
Full extension
|
|
|
Close packed position of the interphalangeal joint
|
Full extension
|
|
|
Give examples of abnormal empty end-feel (cannot reach end-feel, usually due to pain)
|
Joint Inflammation
Bursitis Fracture |
|
|
Give examples of abnormal FIRM end-feel.
|
Increased tone
Tightening of the capsule Ligament shortening |
|
|
Give examples of abnormally hard end-feel.
|
Fracture
Osteoarthritis Osteophyte formation |
|
|
Give examples of abnormally SOFT end-feel.
|
Edema
Synovitis Ligament instability/tear |
|
|
What is the ligament position of a loosely packed joint?
|
Great ligament laxity
|
|
|
What is the ligament position of a close packed joint?
|
Full tautness of the ligament
|
|
|
Name capsular pattern of TMJ
|
limitation of mouth opening
|
|
|
Name capsular pattern of Atlanto-occipital joint
|
Extension, side flexion equally limited
|
|
|
Name capsular pattern of cervical spine
|
Side flexion and rotation equally limited; extension
|
|
|
Name capsular pattern of Glenohumeral joint.
|
Lateral Rotation, Abduction, medial rotation
|
|
|
Name the capsular pattern of Sternoclavicular joint
|
Pain at extreme of range of motion
|
|
|
Name the capsular pattern of Acromioclavicular joint
|
Pain at extreme of range of motion
|
|
|
Name the capsular pattern of Ulnohumeral joint
|
Flexion, then extension
|
|
|
Name the capsular patter of Radiohumeral joint.
|
Flexion, extension, supination, pronation
|
|
|
Name the capsular pattern of Proximal radioulnar joint
|
supination, pronation
|
|
|
Name the capsular pattern of distal Radioulnar joint
|
Full range of movement, pain at extremes of rotation
|
|
|
Name the capsular pattern of the wrist.
|
Flexion and extension equally limited.
|
|
|
Name the capsular pattern of the Trapeziometacarpal joint.
|
Abduction, extension
|
|
|
Name the capsular pattern of the MCP's and IP joints
|
Flexion, extension
|
|
|
Name the capsular pattern of Thoracic spine
|
Side flexion and rotation equally limited, extension
|
|
|
Name the capsular pattern of the lumbar spine.
|
Side flexion and rotation equally limited, extension
|
|
|
Name the capsular pattern for the Sacroiliac, symphysis pubis and Sacroccygeal joints
|
Pain when joints are stressed
|
|
|
Name the capsular pattern of the hip
|
Flexion and abduction and medial rotation. (sometimes medial rotation is most limited)
|
|
|
Name the capsular pattern of the knee
|
Flexion, extension
|
|
|
Name the capsular pattern of the tibiofibular joint.
|
Pain when joint is stressed.
|
|
|
Name the capsular pattern of the talocrural joint.
|
Plantar flexion, dorsiflexion
|
|
|
Name the capsular pattern of the Talocalcaneal (subtalar) joint.
|
Limitation of varus range of motion
|
|
|
Name the capsular pattern for Midtarsal joint.
|
Dorsiflexion, plantarflexion, adduction, medial rotation
|
|
|
Name the capsular pattern for First MTP
|
Extension, flexion
|
|
|
Name the capsular pattern for the 2nd to 5th MTP.
|
variable
|
|
|
Name the capsular pattern for the interphalangeal joint
|
Flexion, extension
|
|
|
0 grade MMT
|
Zero: The subject demonstrates no palpable muscle contraction.
|
|
|
1/5 grade MMT
|
Trace: The subjects muscle contraction can be palpated, but there is no joint movement
|
|
|
2-/5 grade MMT
|
Poor Minus: The subject does not complete range of motion in a gravity-eliminated position.
|
|
|
2/5 grade MMT
|
Poor: The subject completes range of motion with gravity eliminated.
|
|
|
2+/5 grade MMT
|
Poor Plus: The subject is able to initiate initial movement against gravity.
|
|
|
3-/5 grade MMT
|
Fair minus: The subject does not complete the range of motion against gravity, but does complete more than half the range
|
|
|
3/5 grade MMT
|
Fair: the subject completes range of motion against gravity without manual resistance.
|
|
|
3+/5 grade MMT
|
Fair plus: The subject completes range of motion against gravity with only minimal resistance.
|
|
|
4-/5 grade MMT
|
Good minus: Subject completes range of motion against gravity with minimal-moderate resistance.
|
|
|
4/5 grade MMT
|
Good: subject completes range of motion against gravity with moderate resistance.
|
|
|
4+/5 grade MMT
|
Good plus: Subject completes range of motion against gravity with moderate-maximal resistance.
|
|
|
5/5 grade MMT
|
Normal: Subject completes range of motion against gravity with maximal resistance.
|
|
|
Name the order of gait cycle with Standard Terminology
|
Heel strike, Foot flat, Mid-stance, Heel off, toe off, acceleration, midswing, deceleration
|
|
|
Name the order of gait cycle with RLA Terminology.
|
Initial Contact, Loading response, mid-stance, terminal stance, pre-swing, Initial swing, midswing, terminal swing
|
|
|
Define acceleration/initial swing of gait cycle.
|
When toe off is complete, and the reference limb swings until positioned directly under body.
|
|
|
Define Midswing of gait cycle.
|
When swing limb is positioned directly under the body.
|
|
|
Define deceleration/terminal swing.
|
begins directly after midswing as swing limb begins to extend and ends just prior to heel strike/initial contact
|
|
|
True or false: the trunk should be erect and neutral at every phase of gait.
|
True
|
|
|
What position is the ankle joint in during initial swing?
|
10 degrees plantar flexion
|
|
|
What position is the ankle joint in during loading response?
|
15 deg plantar flexion
|
|
|
In midstance, what does the ankle joint do?
|
From plantar flexion to 10 deg dorsiflexion
|
|
|
What position is the ankle joint in during pre-swing?
|
20 deg plantar flexion
|
|
|
What position is the knee in during terminal stance?
|
full extension
|
|
|
What position is the knee joint in during initial swing?
|
60 deg flexion
|
|
|
What does the knee joint do during midswing?
|
From 60 deg to 30 deg flexion
|
|
|
What position is the knee in during loading response?
|
15 deg flexion
|
|
|
What position is the knee in during initial contact?
|
Full extension
|
|
|
What does pelvis do over the whole swing phase?
|
Goes from slight backward rotation to slight forward rotation 4-5deg
|
|
|
What does the pelvis do over the whole stance phase?
|
Goes from maintaining forward rotation to slight backward rotation 4-5deg
|
|
|
What position is the hip in over the swing cycle of gait?
|
20-30 degrees flexion
|
|
|
What position is the hip in during stance phase?
|
From 30 deg flexion to extension to apparent hyperextension during terminal stance, to neutral extension
|
|
|
What are the range of motion requirements for normal gait?
|
Hip Flexion: 0-30 degrees
Hip Extension 0-10 degrees Knee Flexion 0-60 degrees Knee Extension 0 degrees Ankle Dorsiflexion 0-10 degrees Ankle Plantar flexion 0-20 degrees |
|
|
What is normal base of support for adult during gait?
|
2 to 4 inches
|
|
|
What is average toe out angle for adult during gait?
|
7 degrees
|
|
|
Describe double support phase.
|
The two times during gait cycle where both feet are on the ground. Time of double support increases as the speed of gait decreases
|
|
|
Describe gait cycle.
|
From initial contact to initial contact of same foot.
|
|
|
Describe pelvic rotation during gait cycle.
|
Rotation of pelvis is opposite the thorax in order to maintain balance and regulate speed. Total of 8 degrees (4 degrees forward with swing leg and 4 degrees backward with stance leg
|
|
|
Define cadence.
|
Number of steps a person will walk over a period of time. Average value for adult is 110-120 steps a minute.
|
|
|
Define step length.
|
Distance measured between right heel strike and left heel strike. Norm for adults is 13-16 inches.
|
|
|
What is single support phase?
|
Occurs with only one foot on the ground, happens twice during a single gait cycle.
|
|
|
What is stride?
|
Distance measured between right heel strike and the following right heel strike .
|
|
|
What is average stride length for adult?
|
26-32 inches.
|
|
|
Describe antalgic gait.
|
Involved step length is decreased in order to avoid weight bearing on involved side usually d/t pain.
|
|
|
What is cerebellar gait?
|
A staggering gait pattern seen in cerebellar disease.
|
|
|
Why may a circumduction gait be used?
|
Patient doesn't have enough hip flexion, knee flexion or ankle dorsiflexion.
|
|
|
What is a double step gait?
|
alternate steps are of a different length or at a different rate.
|
|
|
What is an equine gait pattern?
|
high steps, usually excessive activity of the gastroc.
|
|
|
What is festinating gait?
|
Patient walks on toes as if being pushed forward.
|
|
|
What is hemiplegic gait?
|
Patients abduct the paralyzed limb, swing it around, and bring it forward so the foot comes to the ground in front of them
|
|
|
What is a steppage gait?
|
Feet and toes lifted through excessive hip and knee flexion, d/t dorsiflexor weakness. Foot slaps at initial contact d/t decreased control.
|
|
|
What is tabetic gait?
|
A high stepping ataxic gait where the feet slap the ground.
|
|
|
Describe vaulting gait.
|
Swing leg advances by compensating through combination of elevation of pelvis and plantar flexion of stance leg.
|
|
|
What is normal thumb CMC flexion?
|
15 deg
|
|
|
What is normal CMC thumb extension?
|
20 degrees
|
|
|
What is normal CMC thumb abduction?
|
70 degrees
|
|
|
What is normal thumb opposition?
|
tip of thumb to base of 5th digit
|
|
|
What is normal thumb MCP flexion?
|
50 degrees
|
|
|
What is normal thumb IP flexion?
|
80 degrees
|
|
|
What is normal finger MCP flexion?
|
90 degrees
|
|
|
What is normal finger MCP hyperextension?
|
45 degrees
|
|
|
What is normal finger PIP flexion?
|
100 degrees
|
|
|
What is normal DIP finger flexion?
|
90 degrees
|
|
|
What is normal DIP finger hyperextension?
|
10 degrees
|
|
|
Classifications of a type I muscle fiber.
|
Aerobic, Slow twitch, slow-oxidative, extensive blood supply, smaller fibers, low fatigability. (running/marathon).
|
|
|
Classification of type II muscle fibers.
|
Anaerobic, fast-twitch, glycolytic, less blood supply, larger fibers, high fatigability. (high jump, sprint)
|
|
|
Muscles that extend the wrist
|
extensor carpi radialis longus
extensor carpi radialis brevis extensor carpi ulnaris |
|
|
Muscles that radially deviate the wrist
|
Extensor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi radialis extensor pollicis longus extensor pollicis brevis |
|
|
Muscles that flex the hip
|
Rectus femoris
Iliopsoas Pectineus Sartorius |
|
|
Muscles that extend the hip
|
Glute Max
Glute Med Hamstrings |
|
|
Muscles that Abduct the hip
|
Glute Med
Glute Min Piriformis Obturator Internus |
|
|
Muscles that Medially Rotate the Hip
|
TFL
Pectineus Glute Med Glute Min Adductor Longus |
|
|
Muscles that Laterally Rotate the Hip
|
Sartorius
Obturator Internus Obturator Externus Piriformis Glute Max Gemelli |
|
|
Muscles that Plantarflex the foot.
|
Posterior Tib
Gastroc Soleus Peroneus Longus Peroneus Brevis Plantaris Flexor Hallucis |
|
|
Muscles that Dorsiflex the foot.
|
Anterior Tib
Peroneus Tertius Extensor Hallucis Longus Extensor Digitorum Longus |
|
|
Muscles that Invert the foot.
|
Tib Ant
Tib Post Flexor digitorum longus |
|
|
Muscles that Evert the foot.
|
Peroneus Longus
Peroneus Brevis Peroneus Tertius |
|
|
What is active muscle insufficiency?
|
When a two joint muscle is contracted over both joints simultaneously
|
|
|
What is passive muscle insufficiency?
|
When a two joint muscle is stretched over both joints simultaneously
|
|
|
What does positive Ludington's test indicate?
|
possible long head biceps rupture
|
|
|
What does positive speeds test indicate?
|
Possible bicipital tendonitis
|
|
|
What does positive Yergason's test indicate?
|
possible biceps tendonitis or rupture of ligament that holds biceps in place
|
|
|
What does a positive Drop Arm test indicate?
|
Rotator Cuff tear
|
|
|
What does a positive Hawkins-Kennedy test indicate?
|
Possible shoulder impingement involving the supraspinatus
|
|
|
What does a positive Neer test indicate?
|
Shoulder impingement involving the supraspinatus tendon
|
|
|
What does a positive supraspinatus test indicate?
|
tear of supraspinatus tendon, impingement, or suprascapular nerve involvement
|
|
|
What does positive Adsons maneuver indicate?
|
thoracic outlet syndrome secondary to subclavian artery compression by scalene muscles.
|
|
|
What does positive Allen test (TO syndrome) indicate?
|
Thoracic outlet syndrome
|
|
|
What does a positive costoclavicular syndrome test indicate?
|
Thoracic outlet syndrome in costoclavicular space.
|
|
|
What does a positive Roos test indicate?
|
Thoracic outlet syndrome d/t pec tightness
|
|
|
What does a positive Wright test indicate?
|
compression of costoclavicular space.
|
|
|
What does positive varus instability test at elbow indicate?
|
LCL sprain
|
|
|
What does positive valgus instability test at the elbow indicate?
|
Medial collateral ligament sprain
|
|
|
What does positive Cozen's test indicate?
|
lateral epicondylitis
|
|
|
What does positive Mill's Test indicate?
|
Lateral epicondylitis
|
|
|
What does positive Allen test (vascular) indicate?
|
Occlusion in radial or ulnar artery
|
|
|
What does a positive Bunnel-Littler test indicate?
|
If PIP joint does not flex with MCP extended, could be tight joint capsule or intrinsic muscle tightness. If PIP fully flexes with MCP in slight flexion, then it is not joint capsule tightness, it’s muscle tightness
|
|
|
What does positive Froment sign indicate?
|
adductor pollicis muscle paralysis d/t ulnar nerve compromise/paralysis
|
|
|
What does positive Phalens test indicate?
|
Carpal tunnel syndrome d/t median nerve compression.
|
|
|
What does positive Finkelstein test indicate?
|
tenosynovitis in the thumb (de Quervain's disease)
|
|
|
What does Grind test of thumb indicate?
|
degenerative joint disease in CMC joint
|
|
|
What does a positive Murphy's sign mean?
|
dislocated lunate
|
|
|
What does positive Ely's test indicate?
|
Rectus femoris contracture
|
|
|
What does positive tripod sign indicate?
|
tight hamstrings
|
|
|
What does positive Barlow's test indicate?
|
hip dislocation/dysplasia
|
|
|
What does positive Ortolani's test indicate?
|
That the femur is now back in place/dislocation reduced.
|
|
|
what is normal amount of anteversion of hip?
|
8-15 degrees
|
