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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is catabolism?
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When organic compounds are broken down to provide heat and energy
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What is anabolism?
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When simple molecules are used to build more complex compounds (like proteins) for growth and repair
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What is mitochondria?
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Part of the cell responsible for energy production
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What is osteopetrosis?
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increased bone density
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What is pheynlketonuria?
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metabolic disorder of increased level of serum phenylalanine.
mental retardation, behavioral issues, present within first few months of life Tx: dietary restriction of phenylalanine |
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What is Tay-Sach's disease?
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accumulation of gangliosides in brain due to absence of hexosaminidaseA
primarily jewish population child misses developmental milestones, MR, paralysis child dies by age 5 |
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What is Wilsons disease?
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Inability of body to metabolize copper.
Sx: rings around iris', hepatitis, athetoid movements and ataxic gait Tx: pharm to excrete copper |
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What is metabolic alkalosis?
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Increase in bicarbonate accumulation or abnormal loss of acids, pH rises above 7.45
Sx: nausea, diarrhea, prolonged vomiting, confusion, muscle fasciculations, cramping, convulsions, hypoventilation, respiratory paralysis, coma Tx: underlying cause, potassium chloride |
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What is metabolic acidosis?
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Accumulations of acids due to an acid gain or bicarbonate loss
Occurs with diabetic or alcoholic ketoacidosis, renal failure, lactic acidosis, poisoning by certain toxins Sx: compensatory hyperventilation, V/D, HA, weakness, malaise, hyperkalemia, arrhythmias Tx: underlying cause, correct electrolyte balance, add NaCO3 |
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What is Trousseau's sign?
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Wrist and MCPs flex, IPs extend, fingers adduct
Signal tetany from hyocalcemia when BP cuff inflated above SBP and left for 3 min |
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What is Osteomalacia?
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(metabolic) Bones become soft secondary to calcium or phosphorus deficiency.
Sx: aching, fatigue, myopathy, sensory polyneuropathy, kyphosis, bowing of LEs. May stuggle with transfers. Tx: Vit D and phosphorus |
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What is Osteoporosis?
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Decrease in bone mass that increases risk of fracture, primary or secondary
Sx: compression fx, bone fx, T/L pain, loss lordosis, kyphosis, decrease in height, dowagers hump Tx: vitamin and pharm, nutrition, AD, pt ed |
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What is Paget's disease?
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(metabolic) Heightened osteoclast activity. Bone appears enlarged but lacks structural strength
Genetic and geographical, over age 50 Sx: pain with Musculoskel bone deformities Advanced: heart failure, hearing loss, vertigo Tx: biphosphonates to inhibit bone reabsorption |
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What is hypothalamus responsible for?
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(Endocrine) regulation of autonomic NS (body temp, appetite, sweat, thirst, sex behavior, rage, fear, BP, sleep)
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What is the function of pituitary gland?
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(Endocrine) Releases hormones that regulate several other endocrine glands
Master gland Secretes endorphins to inhibit pain controls ovulation, sex hormones |
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What is the function of parathyroid glands?
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maintain normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate
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What is the function of the adrenal glands?
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adrenal cortex produces corticosteroids (cortisol and aldosterone)
adrenal medulla produces epinephrine |
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What is the function of the pancreas?
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Alpha cells produce glucagon and beta cells produce insulin, work together to maintain levels of glucose in bloodstream
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What is the role of insulin?
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Decreases level of glucose and increases storage of fat, protein, and carbs
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What is the role of glucagon?
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Increases blood glucose by stimulating the conversion of glycogen to glucose
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What is the manifestation of hypopituitarism?
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dwarfism, delayed growth/puberty, sex/reproductive disorders, diabetes insipidus
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What is the manifestation of hyperpituitarism?
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Gigantism, acromegaly, bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome
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What is Addison's disease?
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(adrenal) decreased function of adrenal gland, decreased production of cortisol and aldosterone
Sx: widespread metabolic, if untreated will result in shock and death Tx: synthetic steroids |
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What is Cushing's syndrome?
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Excessive cortisol produced
Sx: hyperglycemia, moon shaped face, buffalo hump, weakness, truncal obesity, acne, HTN Tx: radiation/chemo, surgery, pharm |
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What is the manifestation of Hypoparathyroidism?
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Sx: Hypocalcemia, seizures, tetany muscle spasms, muscle pain, cramps
Tx: IV calcium for acute, or pharm mgmt |
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What is manifestation of Hyperparathyroidism?
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Sx: renal stones/kidney damage, depression, memory loss, muscle wasting, bone deformity, myopathy
Tx: diuretics, surgical removal of gland |
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What is the most common cause of hypogonadism in males?
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Klinefelter syndrome
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What is the most common cause of hypogonadism in females?
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Turner syndrome
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What is gastritis?
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Inflammation of gastric mucosa or inner layer of stomach.
Symptoms of GERD but higher intensity Acute (erosive) or Chronic (non-erosive) |
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What are common causes of erosive (acute) gastritis?
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stress, NSAID use, alcohol, viral infection, direct trauma
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What's the most common cause of chronic (non-erosive) gastritis?
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H. Pylori bacteria
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What is Peptic Ulcer disease?
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Disruption or erosion in gastrointestinal mucosa, caused by chronic NSAID use or H Pylori (rosacea, halitosis, flushing)
Sx: N/V/D, bloody stool, heartburn, pain relieved by eating Tx: pharm mgmt, or surgery |
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What is pain pattern for a perforated and bleeding ulcer?
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Pain that radiates from the midthoracic back to right upper quadrant and shoulder
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What is HR and BP response for bleeding ulcer?
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HR increases or BP decreases
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What is general treatment for IBS and Diverticulitis?
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exercise, physical activity
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What is the pain pattern for diverticulitis?
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Left lower quadrant
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What is diverticulitis?
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pouch-like protrusions in colon
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How is Hepatitis A transmitted?
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close personal contact with someone who has the infection or through fecal-oral route
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How is Hepatitis B transmitted?
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sharing needles, intercourse with infected person, exposure to their blood, semen, body fluids
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What are precautions for Hepatitis A?
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Enteric precautions
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What is common pain pattern for gall stones?
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Upper Right quadrant pain with muscle guarding, tenderness and rebound pain
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What is a positive Kehr's sign?
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acute pain in the tip of the shoulder due to the presence of blood or other irritants in the peritoneal cavity when a person is lying down and the legs are elevated. Kehr's sign in the left shoulder is considered a classical symptom of a ruptured spleen
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What hormones do the kidneys release?
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Erythopoietin (stimulates bone marrow to create RBCs)
Renin (regulates BP) Calcitriol (active form of Vit D that promotes chemical balance) |
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What is Anuria?
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Inadequate urine output in 24 hr period; less than 100ml (severe dehydration, shock, ESRD)
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What is oliguria?
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Inadequate urine output in 24hr period; less than 400ml (acute renal failure, DM)
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What is the PT protocol for pregnant woman exercise?
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3X week, 30 min sessions
Don't overdo it Non-weight bearing activities preferred 50-60% of Max HR No supine after first trimester |
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What is PT protocol for treating pregnant woman?
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Check for Diastasis Recti before prescribing exercises
Hand horizontal over umbilicus as pt lies in hooklying. Separation larger than 2 finger width when woman lifts head and shoulders off plinth |
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What are the stages of kidney disease?
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Stage 1 kidney damage with normal GFR (90 or greater)
stage 2 GFR 60-89 Stage 3 GFR 30-59 stage 4 GFR less than 15 |
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What is neurogenic bladder?
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Loss of continence due to loss of cerebral control. (stoke, nerve damage, etc)
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What is cystocele?
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Fallen bladder, when there is weakness in the wall between the vagina and bladder
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What is PT treatment post-mastectomy?
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breathing and coughing techniques, edema prevention, and phantom pain
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What is arthography?
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invasive test to see if there is leakage from joint cavity and capsule.
Done with knees, hip, ankle, elbow and wrist |
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What is a bone scan used to identify?
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stress fractures, infection, and tumors
(invasive procedure) |
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What is an electroencephalography?
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recording of electrical activity in the brain
Used to assess seizure activity, metabolic disorders and cerebellar lesions |
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What is a CT used to diagnose?
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spinal lesions, and in diagnostic studies of the brain
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what is the exercise prescription for pelvic floor weakness?
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Kegels:
Isometric Contraction held 5-10seconds with complete relaxation after each one, do 5-10X in a series, and then do the series 3-4X a day |
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What is a fluoroscopy use
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To show motion in joints through X ray imaging
Not used commonly due to excessive radiation exposure |
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What is an MRI?
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Uses magnetic fields to produce an image of bone and soft tissue.
See muscles, menisci, ligaments, tumors, internal organs non invasive, expensive |
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What is a myelography used to identify?
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bone displacement, disk herniation, spinal cord compression or tumors
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What is a venography used for?
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To identify tumors or blockages in venous network
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What is an X ray used for?
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To identify fractures, dislocations, and bone loss
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What are general signs/symptoms of Cancer?
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C- changes in bowel/bladder
A- A sore that will not heal U-unusual bleeding/discharge T-thickening lump I-indigestion/trouble swallowing O-obvious change in wart/mole N-nagging cough/hoarseness |
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What are the main differences between a basal cell carcinoma and a squamous cell carcinoma?
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Basal cell carcinoma is slow growing and rarely metastasizes, squamous cell carcinoma can mestastasize and is difficult to diagnose
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What is one of the most curable cancers?
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Hodgkins Lymphoma
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Where is multiple myeloma found?
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Bone marrow
Slow progression, median length of survival is 6 years |
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What is a sarcoma?
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bone tumor
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What is an ostegenic sarcoma?
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occurs at the epiphysis of long bones, peak incidence between age 10-20
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What is a Wilm's tumor?
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embryonal adenomyosarcoma found in the kidney
Dx at age 1-4 |
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What is a neuroblastoma?
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tumor that initiates from neural plate, found in sympathetic nervous system (adrenal glands, paraspinal ganglions)
Seen in children, prognosis best for children dx in year one |
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How long are heat and massage contraindicated over a radiated area?
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12 months
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What are the treatment guidelines when working with a cancer patient?
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Always check blood values daily
Always encourage pt/family ed Exercise should be conducted at 40-65% of max HR, HRR, VO2 max RPE should never exceed 12 |
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What are causes of hypovolemic shock?
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Severe burn or hemorrhage
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What are signs/symptoms of hypovolemic shock?
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altered mental state, cool and clammy skin, rapid and thready pulse
thirst and fatigue |
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what is treatment for hypovolemic shock?
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activate emergency medical system
have pt lie supine with legs elevated about 12 inches if appropriate |
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What is clinical presentation of pulmonary embolism?
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difficulty breathing, chest pain that mimics MI, rapid pulse
Leading cause of hospital death in US |
