Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Thinkers |
Aldo Leopold Rachel Carson E. F. Schumacher Murray Bookchin Carolyn Merchant |
|
|
Aldo Leopold |
1. The land ethic 2. Failure of conservation |
|
|
The Land Ethic |
Extended biotic community to include the non-human world > 'soils, waters, plants, animals, or collectively: the land' This creates: Biocentric equality > where all beings & communities have equal intrinsic value. A basis for a new form of societal ethics. |
|
|
Failure of Conservation |
Conservation fails as it's based on economics > we should move beyond economics to a new human-land relationship. - Economics doesn't understand how to deal with/value nature and society adopts such an economic model based on growth & land degradation - Public ownership by state/regulation of private ownership of state = not enough to ensure conservation: Leopold wanted a new type of relationship with his land > Land Ethic - requires a "new type of people" - involves change in human nature & structures of economy - goes against mechanistic world view of science which destroys nature
|
|
|
Rachel Carson |
1. Gods of Profit & production 2. Science & sustainability |
|
|
Gods of profit & production |
"Silent Spring" book > - investigated pesticides in agriculture in the USA, which were promoted as economically beneficial by the Department of Agriculture - focused on chemical DDT > used to kill lice in WWII. Excess of it caused the govt. to use it for other purposes - Pesticide Gods of profit & production = key destroyers of society |
|
|
Science & Sustainability |
Humanity shouldn't seek to dominate nature by using science for progression when reductionist use of scientific & technological innovation > easily damages Earth's fragile ecosystem continued use of DDT leads to a time "where birds disappear & spring is silent" - Humans are part of vast ecosystems like all other living beings > if humans continue to poison nature, leads to nature poisoning humanity. |
|
|
E. F. Schumacher |
1. Buddhist Economics 2. The problem with traditional economics |
|
|
Buddhist Economics |
Economics founded on the principle that 'right livelihood' = more important than obsession with economic growth > comes from Buddhist principle of non-violence & the principle is applied to the impact of economics on the biosphere and society. Global corporations mass produce cheap products = damage environment & use mechanised production lines > strip work of satisfaction Industrialising agriculture destroys local environments + causes unemployment & migration to cities = LOCAL ECONOMIES ARE DESTROYED Resolution: Schumacher focuses on small scale organisations Using local resources + highly skilled labour = HQ products |
|
|
Problem with traditional economics |
- Complains that traditional economies are obsessed with GDP > damaging as it sees natural resources as renewable when it's in fact, only CAPITAL & being depleted. - GDP sees growth as good and links consumerism & materialism to happiness > fails as a measuring tool. - Argues quality of goods should replace quantity & finishing tasks based on human creativity should replace dehumanising work |
|
|
Murray Bookchin |
1. Domination 2. Ecotopia |
|
|
Domination |
- Bookchin argues ecological destruction is the result of social structures of our society based on domination of man by man > sexism, racism & exploitation of the Third World are based on domination = destruction of Rainforests - Domination of man by man needs to be destroyed through RADICAL SOCIAL CHANGE |
|
|
Ecotopia |
- A new society > a confederation of self-governing communes based on direct democracy (has influenced eco-anarchism). - Economy > proposed a version of 'anarcho-communism' based on: abolition of private property distributing goods according to need reduction in the time spent working - Replaces domination with social solidarity > leads to harmonious relationship with nature & appreciates needs of non-human life |
|
|
Carolyn Merchant |
1. Science & domination of nature + women 2. Overthrow patriarchy |
|
|
Science & the domination of nature + women |
- Challenged consensus view that mechanistic science is progression: The scientific revolution of Bacon, Descartes & Newton are involved in the ecological crisis, domination of nature & oppression of women - Nature is cast in the female gender > nature's womb has symbolically produced to the 'forceps' of nature. Womb hides secrets of nature that technology takes to benefit humanity |
|
|
Overthrow patriarchy |
- Patriarchy = nature should be bound into service by humanity like women should be bound into service > a scientific view which Merchant argued against & is associated with Bacon - Nature is used for resources to be exploited for humanity's benefit & women are forced to breed to make workers for economic profit - Solution > overthrow patriarchy & partnership needs to be established with humanity + nature, where nature is no longer female but an active partner. |
