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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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centi-
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hundredth
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centr-
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center
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cephal-
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head
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cervic-
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neck
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chem-
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referring to chemistry
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chlor-
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green
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chrom-,-chrome
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color
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chym-
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juice
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-cide
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killing
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-circum
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around; about
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cirru-
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hairlike curls
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co-
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with; together
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cocc-
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seed
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energy
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The capacity to do work (to move matter against an opposing force).
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potential energy
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The energy stored by matter as a result of its location or spatial arrangement.
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thermodynamics
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(1) The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter. See first law of thermodynamics and second law of thermodynamics. (2) A phenomenon in which external DNA is taken up by a cell and functions there.
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First Law of Thermodynamics
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The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
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Second Law of Thermodynamics
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The principle whereby every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat, and in spontaneous reactions, the free energy of the system also decreases.
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metabolism
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The totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways.
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catabolic pathways
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A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds.
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anabolic pathways
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A metabolic pathway that synthesizes a complex molecule from simpler compounds.
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complex molecule
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When catabolic pathways break down complex organic molecules, a cell can perform work using the free energy that was stored in the more complex molecules.
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bioenergetics
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The study of how organisms manage their energy resources.
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kinetic eneIn cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction.rgy
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The energy of motion, which is directly related to the speed of that motion. Moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter.
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entropy
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A quantitative measure of disorder or randomness, symbolized by S.
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free energy
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The portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature is uniform throughout the system.
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exergonic reaction
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A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy.
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endergonic reaction
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A nonspontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings.
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energy coupling
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In cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction.
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enzymes
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A protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
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catalysts
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A chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
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activation energy
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The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start.
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substrate
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The reactant on which an enzyme works.
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active site
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The specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds.
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induced fit
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The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate.
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competitive inhibitors
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A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics.
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noncompetitive inhibitors
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A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate.
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coenzyme
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An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions.
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allosteric site
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A specific receptor site on some part of an enzyme molecule remote from the active site.
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feedback inhibition
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A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway.
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autotrophs
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An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. Autotrophs use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones.
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heterotrophs
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An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products.
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chlorophyll
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A green pigment located within the chloroplasts of plants. Chlorophyll a can participate directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy.
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mesophyll
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The ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis.
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stomata
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A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange.
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light reactions
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The steps in photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and that convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, evolving oxygen in the process.
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calvin cycle
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The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving atmospheric CO2 fixation and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate.
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wavelength
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The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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electromagnetic spectrum
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The entire spectrum of radiation ranging in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer.
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visible light
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That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum detected as various colors by the human eye, ranging in wavelength from about 380 nm to about 750 nm.
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photons
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A quantum, or discrete amount, of light energy.
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spectrophotometer
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An instrument that measures the proportions of light of different wavelengths absorbed and transmitted by a pigment solution.
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chlorophyll A
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A type of blue-green photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions.
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chlorophyll B
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A type of yellow-green accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a.
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photosystem I
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One of two light-harvesting units of a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane; it uses the P700 reaction-center chlorophyll.
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photosystem II
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One of two light-harvesting units of a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane; it uses the P680 reaction-center chlorophyll.
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rubisco
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Ribulose carboxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle (the addition of CO2 to RuBP, or ribulose bisphosphate).
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C3 plant
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A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate.
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photorespiration
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A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen, releases carbon dioxide, generates no ATP, and decreases photosynthetic output; generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the oxygen concentration in the leaf exceeds that of carbon dioxide.
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C4 plant
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A plant that prefaces the Calvin cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into four-carbon compounds, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle.
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bundle-sheath cells
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A type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf.
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CAM plants
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A plant that uses crassulacean acid metabolism, an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions, first discovered in the family Crassulaceae. Carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted into organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed.
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mesophyll cells
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A loosely arranged photosynthetic cell located between the bundle sheath and the leaf surface.
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