L/g Roots & Vocab Wk5

Front 1

brev-

Back 1

short

Front 2

bronch-

Back 2

windpipe

Front 3

calor-

Back 3

heat

Front 4

carb-

Back 4

coal; carbon

Front 5

cardi-

Back 5

heart

Front 6

carn-

Back 6

meat

Front 7

carp-

Back 7

fruit

Front 8

carpal-

Back 8

wrist

Front 9

caud-

Back 9

tail

Front 10

cell-

Back 10

storeroom; chamber

Front 11

-cene

Back 11

new; recent

Front 12

hypertonic

Back 12

In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with a greater solute concentration.

Front 13

hypotonic

Back 13

In comparing two solutions, the one with a lower solute concentration.

Front 14

isotonic

Back 14

Having the same solute concentration as another solution.

Front 15

osmosis

Back 15

The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Front 16

osmoregulation

Back 16

The control of water balance in organisms living in hypertonic, hypotonic, or terrestrial environments.

Front 17

plasmolysis

Back 17

A phenomenon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall when the cell loses water to a hypertonic environment.

Front 18

turgid

Back 18

Firm. Walled cells become turgid as a result of the entry of water from a hypotonic environment.

Front 19

facilitated diffusion

Back 19

The spontaneous passage of molecules and ions, bound to specific carrier proteins, across a biological membrane down their concentration gradients.

Front 20

active transport

Back 20

The movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient with the help of energy input and specific transport proteins.

Front 21

sodium-potassium pump

Back 21

A special transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell against their concentration gradients.

Front 22

membrane potential

Back 22

The charge difference between the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid in all cells, due to the differential distribution of ions. Membrane potential affects the activity of excitable cells and the transmembrane movement of all charged substances.

Front 23

electrochemical gradient

Back 23

The diffusion gradient of an ion, representing a type of potential energy that accounts for both the concentration difference of the ion across a membrane and its tendency to move relative to the membrane potential.

Front 24

proton pump

Back 24

An active transport mechanism in cell membranes that consumes ATP to force hydrogen ions out of a cell and, in the process, generates a membrane potential.

Front 25

cotransport

Back 25

The coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another against its own concentration gradient.

Front 26

exocytosis

Back 26

The cellular secretion of macromolecules by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane.

Front 27

endocytosis

Back 27

The cellular uptake of macromolecules and particulate substances by localized regions of the plasma membrane that surround the substance and pinch off to form an intracellular vesicle.

Front 28

pinocytosis

Back 28

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.

Front 29

ligands

Back 29

A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.

Front 30

fermentation

Back 30

A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.

Front 31

cellular respiration

Back 31

The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel.

Front 32

redox reactions

Back 32

A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction.

Front 33

oxidation

Back 33

The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.

Front 34

reduction

Back 34

The addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction.

Front 35

reducing agent

Back 35

The electron donor in a redox reaction.

Front 36

oxidizing agent

Back 36

The electron acceptor in a redox reaction.

Front 37

electron transport chain

Back 37

A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.

Front 38

glycolysis

Back 38

The splitting of glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis is the one metabolic pathway that occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or aerobic respiration.

Front 39

Krebs Cycle

Back 39

A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration.

Front 40

oxidative phosphorylation

Back 40

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.

Front 41

Acetyl CoA

Back 41

The entry compound for the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration; formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.

Front 42

ATP synthase

Back 42

A cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondrial crista (and bacterial plasma membrane) that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases provide a port through which hydrogen ions diffuse into the matrix of a mitrochondrion.

Front 43

cytochromes

Back 43

An iron-containing protein, a component of electron transport chains in mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Front 44

chemiosmosis

Back 44

An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis.

Front 45

aerobic

Back 45

Containing oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that requires oxygen.

Front 46

anaerobic

Back 46

Lacking oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it.

Front 47

alcohol fermentation

Back 47

The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.

Front 48

lactic acid fermentation

Back 48

The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide.

Front 49

proton-motive force

Back 49

The potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis.