L/g Roots & Vocab Wk3

Front 1

antero-

Back 1

front

Front 2

antho-

Back 2

flower

Front 3

anti-

Back 3

against

Front 4

anthropo-

Back 4

man

Front 5

ap-

Back 5

to;toward

Front 6

aqu-

Back 6

water

Front 7

archaeo-

Back 7

primitive;ancient

Front 8

arthro-

Back 8

joint

Front 9

aster-;astr-

Back 9

stars

Front 10

-ate

Back 10

used to form verb from noun

Front 11

disaccharide

Back 11

a double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis

Front 12

glycosidic linkage

Back 12

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

Front 13

polysaccharides

Back 13

a polymer of up to over a thousand monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions

Front 14

starch

Back 14

a storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose

Front 15

glycogen

Back 15

an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch

Front 16

cellulose

Back 16

a structural polysaccharide of cell walls, consisting of a glucose monomers joined by β-1, 4-glycosidic linkages

Front 17

chitin

Back 17

a structural polysaccharide of an amino sugar found in many fungi and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods

Front 18

fats

Back 18

a biological compound consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule

Front 19

fatty acids

Back 19

a long carbon chain carboxylic acid. Fatty acids vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds

Front 20

triacylglycerol

Back 20

3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule

Front 21

saturated fatty acid

Back 21

a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton

Front 22

unsaturated fatty acid

Back 22

a fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton

Front 23

phospholipids

Back 23

a molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail

Front 24

steroids

Back 24

a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached

Front 25

cholesterol

Back 25

a steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids

Front 26

proteins

Back 26

a 3D biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids

Front 27

conformation

Back 27

unique 3D shape

Front 28

amino acids

Back 28

an organic molecule possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acids serve as the monomers of proteins

Front 29

peptide bond

Back 29

the covalent bond between 2 amino acid units, formed by a dehydration reaction

Front 30

polypeptide

Back 30

a polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Front 31

primary structure

Back 31

the level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids

Front 32

secondary structure

Back 32

the localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between peptide linkages

Front 33

alpha helix

Back 33

a spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific hydrogen-bonding structure

Front 34

pleated sheet

Back 34

one form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth, or where two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds.

Front 35

hydrophobic interaction

Back 35

a type of weak chemical bond formed when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude the water

Front 36

denaturation

Back 36

for proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive. For DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Denaturation occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration, and temperature.

Front 37

gene

Back 37

a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses)

Front 38

nucleic acids

Back 38

a polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. (DNA and RNA)

Front 39

nucleotides

Back 39

building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a 5-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and phosphate group

Front 40

pyrimidine

Back 40

one of two families of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides. cytosine(C), thymine(T), and uracil(U) are pyrimidines

Front 41

purines

Back 41

one of two families of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides. Adenine(A) and guanine(G) are purines

Front 42

double helix

Back 42

a form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape

Front 43

deoxyribonucleic acids

Back 43

A double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule capable of replicating and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.

Front 44

ribonucleic acids

Back 44

A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis and as the genome of some viruses.

Front 45

chaperone proteins

Back 45

Protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins.

Front 46

organelles

Back 46

One of several formed bodies with specialized functions, suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.

Front 47

prokaryotic cells

Back 47

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.

Front 48

nucleoid

Back 48

A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.

Front 49

eukaryotic cells

Back 49

A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles, present in protists, plants, fungi, and animals; also called eukaryote.

Front 50

cell fractionation

Back 50

The disruption of a cell and separation of its organelles by centrifugation.