L/g Roots & Vocab 3/10-4/4

Front 1

Nuc-

Back 1

center

Front 2

Ob-

Back 2

against

Front 3

Ocul-

Back 3

eye

Front 4

Oct-

Back 4

eight

Front 5

Odont-

Back 5

tooth

Front 6

-oid

Back 6

like in form or shape

Front 7

Olf-

Back 7

smell

Front 8

Omni-

Back 8

all

Front 9

Oo-

Back 9

egg

Front 10

Opthal-

Back 10

eye

Front 11

Opt-;Opsy-

Back 11

eye; vision

Front 12

Orb-

Back 12

circle; round; ring

Front 13

Orth-

Back 13

straight; correct; right

Front 14

Oscu-

Back 14

mouth

Front 15

Macronutrients

Back 15

a chemical substance that an organism must obtain in relatively large amounts

Front 16

Micronutrients

Back 16

an element that an organism needs in very small amounts and that functions as a component or cofactor of enzymes

Front 17

Topsoil

Back 17

a mixture of particles derived from rock, living organisms, and humus

Front 18

Horizons

Back 18

any of the series of distinctive layers found in a vertical cross section of any well-developed soil

Front 19

Humus

Back 19

decomposing organic material found in topsoil

Front 20

Cation Exchange

Back 20

a process in which positively charged minerals are made available to a plant when hydrogen ions in the soil displace mineral ions from the clay particles

Front 21

Sustainable Agriculture

Back 21

long-term productive farming methods that are environmentally safe

Front 22

Nitrogen Fixation

Back 22

the assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by certain prokaryotes into nitrogenous compounds that can be directly used by plants

Front 23

Nodules

Back 23

swellings on the roots of legumes. Nodules are composed of plant cells that contain nitrogen fixing bacteria of the genus

Front 24

Bacteroids

Back 24

A form of Rhizobium contained within the vesicles formed by the root cells of a root nodule

Front 25

Gametophyte

Back 25

the multicellular haploid form in organisms undergoing alternation of generations that mitotically produces haploid gametes that unite and grow into the sporophyte generation

Front 26

Complete Flower

Back 26

a flower that has sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels

Front 27

Incomplete Flower

Back 27

a flower lacking sepals, petals, and stamens, or carpels

Front 28

Monoecious

Back 28

referring to a plant species that has both staminate and carpellate flowers on the same individual

Front 29

Dioecious

Back 29

referring to a plant species that has staminate and carpellate flowers on separate plants

Front 30

Microspores

Back 30

a spore from a heterosporous plant that develops into a male gametophyte with antheridia

Front 31

Megaspores

Back 31

a spore from a heterosporous plant that develops into a female gametophyte bearing archegonia

Front 32

Pollination

Back 32

the placement of pollen onto the stigma of a carpel by wind or animal carriers, a prerequisite to fertilization

Front 33

Endosperm

Back 33

a nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm cell with two polar nuclei during double fertilization, which provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds

Front 34

Double Fertilization

Back 34

a mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms, in which two sperm cells unite with two cells and the embryo sac to form the zygote and endosperm.

Front 35

Fruit

Back 35

a mature ovary of a flower that protects dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal.

Front 36

Pollination

Back 36

the placement of pollen onto the stigma of a carpel by with or animal carriers, a perquisite to fertilization.

Front 37

Seed Coat

Back 37

a tuff outer covering of a seed, formed from the outer coat of a ovule. It encloses and protects the embryo and endosperm.

Front 38

Hypocotyl

Back 38

the embryonic axis below the point a which the cotylodons are attached.

Front 39

Pericarp

Back 39

the thickened wall of a fruit.

Front 40

Aggregate Fruit

Back 40

a fruit such as a blackberry that develops from a single flower that has several carpels.

Front 41

Multiple Fruit

Back 41

a fruit such as pineapple that develops from a inflorescences, a group of flowers tightly clustered together. When the walls of the many ovaries start to thicken, they fuse together and become incorporated into one fruit.

Front 42

Development

Back 42

some of all the changes that progressively elaborate in organism’s body.

Front 43

Growth

Back 43

developing of a certain type of cell.

Front 44

Cellular Differentiation

Back 44

structural and functional divergents of cells as they become specialized during a multicellular organism’s development; dependant on the control of gene expression.

Front 45

Vegatative Reproduction

Back 45

cloning of plants by asexual means.

Front 46

Fragmentation

Back 46

means of sexual reproduction, whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerates into whole new individuals.

Front 47

Callus

Back 47

mass of dividing, undifferentiated cells at the cut end of the shoot

Front 48

Stock

Back 48

plant that provides the root system when making a graft

Front 49

Scion

Back 49

twig grafted onto the stock when making a graft.

Front 50

Protoplast Fusion

Back 50

fusing of two protoplasts from different plant species that were otherwise be reproductively incompatible.

Front 51

Phototrophism

Back 51

growth of a plant shoot toward or away from light.

Front 52

Hormones

Back 52

any one of the many circulating chemical signals found in all multicellular organisms that are are formed and specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and coordinate the various parts of the organism by interacting with target cells.

Front 53

Auxin

Back 53

a class of plant hormones, including indoleacetic acid (iaa), having a variety of effect, such as phototrophic response through the stimulation of cell elongation, stimulation of secondary growth, and the development of leaf traces and fruit.

Front 54

Gibberellin

Back 54

a class of related plant hormones that stimulate growth in the stem and leaves, trigger the germination of seeds and breaking of bud dormancy, and stimulates fruit development with auxin.

Front 55

Ethylene

Back 55

only gassiest plant hormone, responsible for fruit ripening, growth inhabitation, leaf abscission and aging.

Front 56

perfect flower

Back 56

flowers that have both male (androecium) and female (gynoecium) reproductive parts, including stamens, carpels, and an ovary.

Front 57

imperfect flower

Back 57

flowers that have a reproductive structure that is either functionally male or functionally female. (have one or the other, not both)

Front 58

simple fruit

Back 58

A fruit that develops from a single ovary in a single flower.; may be fleshy or dry.

Front 59

mycel-

Back 59

threadlike

Front 60

mycet-

Back 60

fungus

Front 61

myria-

Back 61

many

Front 62

moll-

Back 62

soft

Front 63

nas-

Back 63

nose

Front 64

nemat-

Back 64

thread

Front 65

neo-

Back 65

new, recent

Front 66

nephro-

Back 66

kidney

Front 67

-ner

Back 67

moist, liquid

Front 68

neur-, nerv-

Back 68

nerve, tendon

Front 69

noct-, nox-

Back 69

night

Front 70

-node

Back 70

knot

Front 71

-nomy, -nome-

Back 71

distribute, arrange, law

Front 72

non-

Back 72

not

Front 73

not-

Back 73

back

Front 74

monocots

Back 74

subdivision of flowering plants whose members possess one embryonic seed leaf or cotyledon

Front 75

dicots

Back 75

subdivision of flowering plants whose members possess 2 embyronic seed leaves or cotyledons

Front 76

root system

Back 76

all of a plant's roots that anchor it in the soil, aborsb and transport minerals and water and store food.

Front 77

tap root

Back 77

root system common to eudicots consisting of one large vertical root and produces many smaller lateral or branch roots

Front 78

fibrous root

Back 78

system common to monocots consisting of a mat of thin roots that spread out below soil surface.

Front 79

root hairs

Back 79

tiny projection growing just behind toot tuops of plants, increasing surface area for the absorption of water and minerals

Front 80

adventitious

Back 80

roots extending from stems and leaves above grounds

Front 81

nodes

Back 81

a point along stem of a plant at which leaves are attached

Front 82

internodes

Back 82

segment of aplant stem between the points where leaves are attached

Front 83

auxillary bud

Back 83

embryonic shoot present in the angle formed by a leaf and stem

Front 84

terminal bud

Back 84

embryonic tissue at the tip of a shoot, made up of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes

Front 85

apical dominance

Back 85

concentration of gorwth at the tip of a plant shoot, where a terminal bud partially auxillary bud growth.

Front 86

blade

Back 86

a leaflike structure of a seaweed that provids most of the surface areafor photosynthesis

Front 87

petiole

Back 87

stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.

Front 88

collenchyma cell

Back 88

flexible plant cell type that occurs in strands or cylinders that support young parts of the plant without restraining growth

Front 89

monocots

Back 89

subdivision of flowering plants whose members possess one embryonic seed leaf or cotyledon

Front 90

dicots

Back 90

subdivision of flowering plants whose members possess 2 embyronic seed leaves or cotyledons

Front 91

root system

Back 91

all of a plant's roots that anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water and store food.

Front 92

tap root

Back 92

root system common to eudicots consisting of one large veritcal root and produces many smaller lateral or branch roots

Front 93

fibrous root

Back 93

system common to monocots consisting of a mat of thin roots that spread out below soil surface.

Front 94

root hairs

Back 94

tiny projection growing just behind root tops of plants, increasing surface area for the absorption of water and minerals

Front 95

adventitious

Back 95

roots extending from stems and leaves above grounds

Front 96

nodes

Back 96

a point along stem of a plant at which leaves are attached

Front 97

internodes

Back 97

segment of aplant stem between the points where leaves are attached

Front 98

auxillary bud

Back 98

embryonic shoot present in the abgle formed by a leaf and stem

Front 99

terminal bud

Back 99

embryonic tissue at the tip of a shoot, made up of developing leaves and a compact series of nodes and internodes

Front 100

apical dominance

Back 100

concentration of gorwth at the tip of a plant shoot, where a terminal bud partially auxillary bud growth.

Front 101

sclerenchyma cell

Back 101

rigid, supportive plant cell type usually lacking protoplast and possessing thick secondary walls strengthening by lignin at maturity

Front 102

fibers

Back 102

lignified cell type that reinforces the xylem of angiosperms and functions in mechanical support, a slender tapered sclerenchyma cell that usually occurs in bundles

Front 103

tracheids

Back 103

water-conducting and supportive element of xylem composed of long, thin cells with tapered ends and walls hardened with lignin.

Front 104

annual

Back 104

plant that completes its entire life cycle in a single year or growing season

Front 105

biennials

Back 105

plant that requires 2 years to complete its life cycle

Front 106

perennial

Back 106

plant that lives for many years

Front 107

meristems

Back 107

plant tissue that remains embryonicas long as the plant lives, allowing for indeterminate growth.

Front 108

apical meristems

Back 108

embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells ofr the plant to grow in length

Front 109

primary growth

Back 109

growth initiated by the apical meristems of a plant root or shoot

Front 110

secondary growth

Back 110

increases in girth of stems and roots of many plants, especially woody, perennial dicots

Front 111

lateral meristems

Back 111

vascular and cork cambrium, a cylinder of dividing cells that runs most of the length of stems and roots, and is repsonsible for secondary growth.

Front 112

root cap

Back 112

cone of cells at the tip of a plant root that protects the apical meristem

Front 113

protoderm

Back 113

outermost primary meristem, which gives rise to the epidermis of roots and shoots

Front 114

zone of elongation

Back 114

region of root tip adjacent to the zone of cell division, cells sometimes elongate to moer than 10 times original length.

Front 115

zone of maturation

Back 115

This is the region of the root tip adjacent to the zone of cell elongation. As cells finish elongating, they begin to specialize in structure and function

Front 116

pith

Back 116

The core of the central vascular cylinder of monocot roots, consisting of parenchyma cells, which are ringed by vascular tissue; ground tissue interior to vascular bundles in dicot stems.

Front 117

cortex

Back 117

The region of the root between the stele and epidermis filled with ground tissue

Front 118

vascular bundles

Back 118

A strand of vascular tissues (both xylem and phloem) in a plant stem

Front 119

stomata

Back 119

A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange

Front 120

guard cells

Back 120

A specialized epidermal plant cell that forms the boundaries of the stomata

Front 121

transpiration

Back 121

The evaporative loss of water from a plant.

Front 122

proton pump

Back 122

An active transport mechanism in cell membranes that consumes ATP to force hydrogen ions out of a cell and, in the process, generates a membrane potential

Front 123

cotransport

Back 123

The coupling of the "downhill" diffusion of one substance to the "uphill" transport of another against its own concentration gradient.

Front 124

chemiosmosis

Back 124

An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis

Front 125

water potential

Back 125

The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure

Front 126

tension

Back 126

Negative pressure on water or solutions. For example, prior to a medical injection, fluid is drawn up into a syringe because of tension created by pulling the plunger upwards

Front 127

turgor pressure

Back 127

The force directed against a cell wall after the influx of water and the swelling of a walled cell due to osmosis.

Front 128

plasmodesmata

Back 128

An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells

Front 129

apoplast

Back 129

In plants, the nonliving continuum formed by the extracellular pathway provided by the continuous matrix of cell walls

Front 130

endodermis

Back 130

The innermost layer of the cortex in plant roots; a cylinder one cell thick that forms the boundary between the cortex and the stele

Front 131

casparian strip

Back 131

A water-impermeable ring of wax around endodermal cells in plants that blocks the passive flow of water and solutes into the stele by way of cell walls

Front 132

root pressure

Back 132

The upward push of water within the stele of vascular plants, caused by active pumping of minerals into the xylem by root cells

Front 133

guttation

Back 133

The exudation of water droplets, caused by root pressure in certain plants

Front 134

circadian rhythms

Back 134

A physiological cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotic organisms and that persists even in the absence of external cues

Front 135

translocation

Back 135

The transport via phloem of food in a plant.

Front 136

sugar sink

Back 136

A plant organ that is a net consumer or storer of sugar. Growing roots, shoot tips, stems, and fruit are sugar sinks supplied by phloem.

Front 137

essential nutrient

Back 137

A chemical element that is required for a plant to grow from a seed and complete the life cycle, producing another generation of seeds

Front 138

oste

Back 138

bone

Front 139

-ous

Back 139

full of ; abounding in

Front 140

ov -

Back 140

egg

Front 141

oxy-

Back 141

sharp; acid;oxygen

Front 142

pachy-

Back 142

thick

Front 143

paleo-

Back 143

old;ancient

Front 144

palm-

Back 144

broad;flat

Front 145

pan-

Back 145

all

Front 146

par-

Back 146

beside;near;equal; bring forth

Front 147

path- ; -pathy

Back 147

disease;suffering

Front 148

-ped

Back 148

foot

Front 149

pent-

Back 149

five

Front 150

per-

Back 150

through

Front 151

permea -

Back 151

pass;go

Front 152

phag-

Back 152

eat

Front 153

pheno-

Back 153

show

Front 154

phil-

Back 154

living; fond of

Front 155

circadian rhythm

Back 155

A physiological cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotic organisms and that persists even in the absence of external cues.

Front 156

photoperiodism

Back 156

A physiological response to day length, such as flowering in plants.

Front 157

phytochrome

Back 157

A pigment involved in many responses of plants to light.

Front 158

tissues

Back 158

An integrated group of cells with a common structure and function.

Front 159

epithelial tissue

Back 159

Sheets of tightly packed cells that line organs and body cavities.

Front 160

stratified epithelium

Back 160

An epithelium consisting of more than one layer of cells in which some but not all cells touch the basal lamina.

Front 161

basement membrane

Back 161

The floor of an epithelial membrane on which the basal cells rest.

Front 162

simple epithelium

Back 162

An epithelium consisting of a single layer of cells that all touch the basal lamina.

Front 163

cuboidal

Back 163

The cubic shape of a type of epithelial cell.

Front 164

columnar

Back 164

The column shape of one type of epithelial cell.

Front 165

squamous

Back 165

The flat, "fried-egg" shape of one type of epithelial cell.

Front 166

shoot system

Back 166

The aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and flowers.

Front 167

parenchyma cells

Back 167

A relatively unspecialized plant cell type that carries most of the metabolism, synthesizes and stores organic products, and develops into a more differentiated cell type.

Front 168

plant morphology

Back 168

the study of the physical form and external structure of plants

Front 169

plant anatomy

Back 169

the study of the internal structure of plants