L'examen Final D'introduction De Laboratoire De Biologie

Front 1

What are the five conditions that must be met for the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Back 1

1. No mutations.
2. No gene flow.
3. Population is large enough that the laws of probability apply, that is, it is highly unlikely that chance alone can alter allele frequencies.
4. Mating is random.
5. The offspring of all possible matings are equally able to survive and reproduce in the next generation (No natural selection.)

Front 2

What is the name of the enzyme that binds to a specific site on the DNA and begins to direct the transcription of mRNA?

Back 2

RNA polymerase

Front 3

Which syndrome is characterized by a XXY zygote, feminine muscular development, high-pitched voice, and underdeveloped testes?

Back 3

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

Front 4

What is the failure for chromosomes to separate?

Back 4

nondisjunction

Front 5

What is the start codon? What amino acid does it indicate?

Back 5

AUG

Front 6

What amino acid does 'AUG' indicate?

Back 6

Methionine

Front 7

What are the three steps in DNA isolation and their purpose?

Back 7

1. Homogenization: the process of solubilizing membranes and denaturing proteins.
2. Deproteinization: the stripping of chromosomal proteins from DNA.
3. Precipitation: when the DNA comes out of the solution.

Front 8

What type of bonding is present with the pairing of nitrogen bases?

Back 8

Hydrogen bonding

Front 9

What are the three groups that Domain Archaea can be separated into?

Back 9

1. Methanogens
2. Extreme Halophiles
3. Thermophiles

Front 10

What is symbiosis?

Back 10

an ecological relationship between different species which are in direct contact with each other.

Front 11

Name the genotypic frequency equation.

Back 11

p^2+2pq+q^2=1

Front 12

Name the allelic frequency equation.

Back 12

p+q=1

Front 13

What does Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium indicate when all 5 conditions are met?

Back 13

the population is not evolving

Front 14

What are the 3 unique characteristics of prokaryotic cells?

Back 14

1. circular DNA
2. lack of nucleus
3. lack of membrane-bound organelles

Front 15

What are the 3 bacterial types based on their shapes?

Back 15

coccus, bacillus, spiral

Front 16

Sex linked traits are carried on __ chromosomes.

Back 16

X chromosomes

Front 17

Nondisjunction is the failure of separation of _________ chromosomes.

Back 17

homologous

Front 18

How many barr bodies does an XXX person have?

Back 18

2

Front 19

What is it called when there is more than one code per amino acid?

Back 19

degenerate

Front 20

What happens in a nonsense base pair substitution?

Back 20

There is a change of one amino acid to a stop codon

Front 21

Down syndrome is an example of what type of error in cell division?

Back 21

nondisjunction

Front 22

Which segments of DNA are joined together to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA?

Back 22

Okazaki fragments

Front 23

The energy needed for the assembly of the translation initiation complex is taken from what?

Back 23

GTP

Front 24

What causes a free ribosome to become bound to rough ER?

Back 24

signal peptide

Front 25

What are the 3 steps of transcription?

Back 25

initiation, elongation, and termination

Front 26

Nutrition wise, what are the most common bacteria?

Back 26

chemoheterotrophs

Front 27

How many barr bodies does a female with 5 X chromosomes have?

Back 27

4

Front 28

What are the three steps of isolating DNA?

Back 28

homogenization, deproteinization, precipitation

Front 29

What is the Chargaff's rule?

Back 29

DNA from any cell of all organisms should have a 1:1 ratio of pyrimidine and purine.
Thus, the amount of guanine is equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine is equal to thymine.

Front 30

Name the 3 differences between RNA and DNA.

Back 30

RNA has more O in its pentose sugar
RNA is single stranded and DNA is double stranded
RNA uses uracil in place of thymine

Front 31

DNA replication takes place in the ___ phase of mitosis

Back 31

S phase

Front 32

List the three stages of transcription in RNA and describe each.

Back 32

1. Initiation-RNA polymerase binds to promoter and unwinds DNA
2. Elongation-the DNA template strand is copied by RNA polymerase from the 5 prime end to 3 prime end
3. Termination-RNA polymerase reaches a stop codon and mRNA and RNA polymerase are released and the DNA winds back

Front 33

Name the stop codon(s).

Back 33

UGA, UAA, UAG

Front 34

When does the Plasmodium become diploid?

Back 34

fertilization

Front 35

What kingdom does most the treatable STD belong to?

Back 35

Kingdom Parabasala

Front 36

What is an environment that Extreme Halophiles live in?

Back 36

very salty places

Front 37

How many barr bodies would occur in each situation?
a.XX b.XXY
c.XYY d.XXXXYY

Back 37

a.one
b.one
c.none
d.three

Front 38

What is unique about the mitosis of Euglenophyta?

Back 38

nucleolus and nuclear membrane do not disappear.

Front 39

Name two types of carbohydrate storage used by Eukarya.

Back 39

paramylon (Euglenophyta), starch (Dinoflagellata), laminarin (Pharophyta),oil (Bacillariophyta), floridean starch (Rhodophyta).

Front 40

Which Kingdom is used for sushi?

Back 40

Kingdom Rhodophyta

Front 41

________ fossils are form a certain type of earth which is used in lots of things like toothpaste, water filters, and insulating material.

Back 41

Diatom

Front 42

This Phylum’s reproduction involves an egg.

Back 42

Phylum Oomycota

Front 43

Define chemotaxis.

Back 43

movement in response to chemicals.

Front 44

Define phototaxis.

Back 44

movement in response to light

Front 45

Give two examples of symbiosis.

Back 45

mutualism, commensalism, parasatism, and amensalism

Front 46

An obligate aerobe requires __________.

Back 46

oxygen

Front 47

What are endospores?

Back 47

cells able to withstand harsh environmental conditions

Front 48

What three groupings are protists sometimes divided into?

Back 48

animal-like, plant-like, and fungus-like

Front 49

Name the malaria causing parasite that lives in both mosquitoes and humans

Back 49

Plasmodium (MUST BE UNDERLINED FOR THE EXAM PURPOSE)

Front 50

Differentiate between obligate aerobes and obligate anaerobes.

Back 50

obligate aerobes are bacteria that require oxygen while obligate anaerobes are bacteria that must have an oxygen free environment.

Front 51

What picks up amino acids from the cytoplasm and carries them to the ribosome mRNA complex?

Back 51

transfer RNA (tRNA)

Front 52

An organism that causes "beaver fever" falls into which Kingdom?

Back 52

Kingdom Diplomonadida