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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is:
Hypertension |
BP higher than 140/90 on 3 seperate readings several weeks apart.
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What is:
Primary (essential) Hypertension |
No identified cause.
Only possible risk factors. |
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What is:
Secondary hypertension |
Results from a known cause, such as kidney disease.
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What is:
Aneurysm |
Weakness and localized dialation of a blood vessel wall. Usually affect aorta and arteries.
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What is:
Arteriosclerosis |
Common arterial disorder- thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification or arterial walls.
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What is:
Atherosclerosis |
Form of arteriosclerosis-
arterial walls thicken and harden due to deposits of fat and fibrin. |
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What is:
Bruit |
A harsh or musical sound caused by turbulent blood flow may be heard over large arteries- femoral, abdominal
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What is:
Intermittent claudication |
Cramping or aching sensation in the calves of the legs or the arch of the foot. Relieved by rest.
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What is:
Rest pain |
Occurs during periods of inactivity. Gnawing, aching, or burning sensation in the lower legs, feet, toes. Often at night. Increases when legs are elevated and decreases when the legs are dependent- hanging over side of bed.
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What is:
Thrombus |
Blood clot
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What is:
Embolus |
Blood clot which breaks away from vessel wall and moves. Can also be fat, bacteria, amniotic fluid or air bubble.
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What is:
Buerger's Disease |
Occlusive disease of small and medium peripheral arteries. Inflamed, spastic, and thrombotic. Usually a leg or foot.
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What is:
Raynaud's Phenomenon |
Spasms of the small arteries and arterioles of the extremities. Limits blood flow to fingers, toes, or nose. Almost always women 15-45 yrs.
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What is:
Thrombo |
clot
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What is:
phlebo |
Vein
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What is:
-itis |
Inflammation
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What is:
Venous insufficiency |
Stasis (stagnation) of venous blood flow in the lower extremities.
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What is:
Fibrinolytics |
Drugs to dissolve blood clots in the body.
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What is:
LMW Heparin |
Low molecular weight
Heparin Given to pt orthopedic and on prolonged bed rest to prevent venous thrombosis. |
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What is:
Varicose veins |
Irregular, tortuous veins with poorly functioning (incompetent) valves.
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What is:
Marfan Syndrome |
Connective tissue disorder with 3 distinctive features:
1) Long thin extremities, hyperextensibile joints 2) Impaired vision 3) Cardiovascular defects- mitral valve prolapse and weakness of the aorta. |
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What is:
Common methods to detect Aneurysms |
Chest or abdominal x-ray.
Abdominal ultrasound when abdominal aneurysm suspected. CT or MRI measures size. |
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What is:
Plasma |
A clear yellow, protein-rich fluid, and the cells suspended in it: RBC, WBC, Platelets
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What is:
erythrocytes |
Red Blood Cells (RBC)
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What is:
Hemoglobin |
Oxygen carrying protein.
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What is:
Hemolysis |
Process of RBC destruction.
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What is:
Leukocytes |
White Blood Cells - WBCs
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What is:
Platelets |
Small fragments of cytoplasm w/o nuclei that contain many granules. Mostly stored in the spleen.
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What is:
Hemostasis |
Blood clotting.
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What is:
Primary function of WBCs |
Fight infection
Destroy foreign matter Eliminate damaged or abnormal cells. |
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What is:
Anemia |
Condition which the Hgb concentration or the number of circulating RBCs is decreased.
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What is:
Causes Anemia |
Impaired RBC formation or excessive loss or destruction of RBCs.
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What is:
Result of anemia |
Reduces the oxygen carring capacity of the blood, leading to tissue hypoxia.
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What is:
Causes bone pain |
Kidneys releaseing increased amts of erythropoietin, stimulating bone marrow, causing bone pain.
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What is:
Nutritional anemia |
When a lack of necessary nutrients for RBC formation distupts RBD development or Hgb synthesis.
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What is:
Iron deficiency anemia |
Inadequate supply of iron for RBC formation.
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What is:
Most common type of anemia |
Iron Deficiency Anemia
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What is:
Pernicious Anemia |
Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia.
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What is:
Folic Acid Anemia |
Lack of Folic Acid to produce RBCs.
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What is:
Thalassemia |
Inherited disorder caused by abnormal Hgb synthesis. Common mediterranean, Asian, African descent.
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What is:
Aplastic anemia |
Bone marrow fails to produce RBCs. Cause usually unknown.
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What is:
Polycythemia (erythrocytosis) |
Abnormally high RBC count with high Hct. Hct >50% the blood becomes more viscous or 'sticky'.
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What is:
Leukemia |
Group of malignant disorders of WBCs.
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What is:
Multiple Myeloma |
Malignancy in which plasma cells multiply uncontrollably and infiltrate bone marrow, lymph nodes, and other tissues.
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What is:
Agranulocytosis (neutropenia) |
A decrease in granulocytes.
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What is:
Thrombocytopenia |
Platelet count of less than 100,000. Most common cause abnormal bleeding.
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What happens when platelet count is less than 20,000?
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Spontaneous bleeding (internal and external)
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What is:
Purpura |
Hemorrhage into the tissues.
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What is:
Ecchymoses |
Bruises
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What is:
Petechiae |
Small, flat, purple, or red spots on the skin or mucous membranes develop on the anterior chest, arms, and neck.
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What is:
Epistaxis |
Nosebleed
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What is:
Menorrhagia |
Prolonged and heavy menstrual periods.
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What happens in the spleen?
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Destruction of platelets and antibody production.
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What is:
Hemophilia |
Group of hereditary clotting factor deficiencies.
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What is:
Lymphadenopathy |
Swelling and enlargement of the lymph nodes. Could be from infection, inflammation, or cancers.
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What is:
Malignant lymphomas |
Cancerous tumors of lymphoid tissue.
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What is
Pericardium |
Encases the heart and anchors it to surrounding structures.
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What is
Parietal pericardium |
Outermost layer of the pericardium
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What is
Visceral pericardium |
Inner layer of the pericardium
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What is
Epicardium |
The outermost layer of the heart wall.
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What is
Myocardium |
Heart muscle middle layer.
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What is
Endocardium |
Innermost layer of the heart which lines the inside of the heart chambers and great vessels.
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What is
stroke volume (SV) |
A certain volume of blood (appox 70 mL) ejected from the heart with each contraction.
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What is
Cardiac output (CO) |
Amount of blood pumped by the ventricles in 1 minute.
CO= HR X SV avg 4-8 L/min |
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What is
Contractility |
The natural abilityof the cardiac muscle fibers to shorten during systole.
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What is
Peripheral Vascular Resistance (PVR) |
Force opposing blood flow.
1) Blood viscosity 2) Vessel length 3) Vessel diameter |
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What is
Blood Pressure (BP) |
The force exerted by blood against the walls of the arteries.
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What is
Systolic pressure |
Force exerted as the heart contracts (systole).
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What is
Diastolic pressure |
The force exerted when the heart is filling (diastole).
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What is
Electrocardiogram (ECG) |
A record of the heart's electrical activity.
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What is
Coronary heart disease (CHD) |
Coronary Artery disease (CAD)
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What is
Atherosclerosis |
Lesions called atheromas (plaque) develo in the lining of medium and large arteries.
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What is
ischemic |
Without enough blood and oxygen to meet metabolic needs.
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What is
Angina pectoris |
Chest pain that occurs when there is a temporary imbalance between myocardial blood supply and demand.
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What is
Acute Myocardial infarction (AMI or MI) |
Cells in an area of cardiac muscle necrose (die) due to lack of blood and oxygen.
(Heart attack) |
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What is
cardiogenic shock |
when more than 40% of the left ventricle is infarcted.
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What is
Cardiac dysrhythmia |
Disturbance or irregularity in the electrical system of the heart.
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What is
Sinus Bradycardia |
HR less than 60 bpm
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What is
cardia arrest |
Medical emergency following V-fib in which the ventricles quiver and stop contracting; the heart does not pump. Death in 4 min if not terminated and return to perfusing rhythm.
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What is
Cardioversion (Defibrillation) |
Use of electric shock to stop abnormal heart rhythm and start normal one again.
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What is
Heart failure |
Inability of the heart to function as a pump to meet the needs of the body.
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What is
Orthopnea |
Breathing difficulty while lying down.
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What is
Acute pulmonary edema |
Accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces and alveoli of the lungs.
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What is
Inotropic medications |
Meciations that increase the strenght of the heart's contractions.
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What is
Narrow therapeutic Index |
Therapeutic levels of a drug are very close to toxic levels.
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What is
Valve stenosis |
The valve leaflets fuse, obstructing forward blood flow.
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What is
Valve regurgitation |
The valve fails to close properly, allowing blood to flow back through it.
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What is
Endocarditis |
Inflammation of the endocardium. (interior of the heart)
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What is
Myocarditis |
Inflamatory disorder of the heart muscle that may be caused by infection, immune response, radiation, chemical poisons, drugs, or burns.
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What is
Pericarditis |
Inflammation of the pericardium. (outermost layer of the heart)
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What is
Pericardial friction rub |
Leathery, grating sound produced by the inflamed pericardial layers rubbing against the chest wall or pleura.
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What is
Cardiac Tamponade |
Compression of the heart by rapid buildup of percardial fluid interfering with mayocardial function.
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What is
Valvular heart disease |
Interferes with blood flow to and from the heart.
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What is
Cardiomyopathy |
Affets the structure and function of the heart muscle.
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