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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sample of Vitis Vinifera Grapes
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Chardonnay, Cabernet Sauvignon
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Sample of Vitis Labrusca
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Concord, Catawba
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Sample of Hybrid Grapes
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Seyval Blanc, Baco Noir
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Wines Flavor comes from what 4 Major Sources?
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Grapes, Fermentation, Maturation, Aging
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Black grapes with thick skins will produce what kind of wine?
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highly tannic (which equates to bitterness and astringency when a wine is young)
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Riesling grapes tend to produce what kind of wines?
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highly acidic (sourness and tartness)
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Muscat grapes tend to produce what kind of wines?
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highly aromatic wines that smell of orange flowers
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In what regions do red grapes thrive?
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Italy, spain, Portugal, Napa Valley
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in what regions do white grapes thrive?
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Germany and Northern France
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what is terrior?
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the "somewhereness" of a particular region or vineyard, including the soil makeup and geography; sunlight , weather, and climate, rainfall; the natural plant life of the area; and many other elements.
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3 high-tannin grapes are?
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Nebbiolo, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Syrah/Shiraz
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3 aromatic Grapes
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Muscat, Gewurztraminer, Torrontes
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When are the dormant periods for planting Vines?
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April, May
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A bottle of wine is what percentage water?
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86%
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A bottle of wine contains how many grapes?
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600-800/ 2.4 lbs.
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How many bottles of wine are produced annually from one grapevine?
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5 bottles
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how many bottles of wine are in one barrel?
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240
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how many bottles of wine come from a ton of grapes?
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720
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how many bottles of wine are produced annually from one acre of grapevines?
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5,500
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how many days ( on avg.) between a vine's flowering and the harvest?
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100
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what is Brix?
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the winemakers measure of sugar in grapes
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What is the acidity and brix of a grape in June?
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3% acid, 0 Brix
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what is the acidity and brix of a grape in July?
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2.3% acid, 10 brix
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what is the acidity and brix of a grape in August?
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1.7% acid, 15 brix
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What is the acidity and brix of a grape at Harvest (September)?
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0.9% acid, 22 brix
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What happens/ what is the solution when there is a Frost problem on the vine?
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Reduced yield/ protection methods including wind machines, sprinkler systems, and flaming heaters
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What happens/ what is the solution when there is not enough sun on the vine?
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Underripe, green herbal, vegetal character, high acid, low sugar/ Chaptalization
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what happens/ what is the solution when there is too much sun on the vine?
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Overripe, high-alcohol, prune character/ amelioration (adding water)
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what happens/ what is the solution when there is too much rain on the vine?
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Thing, watery wines/ Pray for drier weather!
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What happens/ what is the solution when there is mildew on the vine?
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Rot/ Spray with copper sulfate
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What happens/ what is the solution when there is a drought?
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Scorched grapes/ Irrigate or pray for rain
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What happens/ what is the solution when there is a high alcohol content in the grape?
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change in the balance of the components/ De-alchoholize
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what happens/ what is the solution when there is high acidity in the grape?
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Sour, tart wine/ De- acidify
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What happens/ what is the solution when phylloxera takes place?
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Dead vines/ Graft vines onto resistant rootstock
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Older grapevines produced ______________ bunches of grapes that tend to have ____________ berries and concentrated flavors
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fewer/ smaller
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what is phylloxera?
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a grape louse, is one of the grapevines worst enemies because it eventually kills the entire plant
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what is "noble rot"?
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Botrytis Cinerea, it decreases the water content of the grape berries before harvest, wines made from grapes with noble rot also have an intensity of flavor not found in conventionally harvested wines .
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what is the formula for fermentation?
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sugar + yeast = alcohol+ carbon dioxide (CO2)
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when does the fermentation process being?
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when the grapes are crushed
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when does the fermentation process end?
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when all of the sugar has been converted to alcohol or the alcohol level has reached around 15 percent, the point at which the alcohol kills off the yeast.
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In the US , "table wine" is considered to have at least _______ alcohol, but at least ____________ is optimal for grape wine
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7%, 11%
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What 2 types of vessels can wine be fermented in?
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stainless steel (inert, imparting no flavor ), or oak vats (which may add a slight oak flavor and tannin )
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What is alcohol content of a sparkling wine?
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8-12%
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What is the alcohol content of a fortified wine?
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17-22%
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Alcohol content of a German Riesling
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8-12.5%
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alcohol content of champagne
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12%
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alcohol content of most white wines
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11.5-13.5%
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alcohol content of most reds
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12-14.5%
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alcohol content of california cab sauvignon
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13-15%
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Alcohol content of sherry
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15-22%
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alcohol content of port
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20%
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in the US, what is margin for alcohol content as listed on the label
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1.5% higher or lower
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what is MOG
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material other than grapes
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what is MUST
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the juice and skin mixture that comes from the grape
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what is Extract?
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the total solid material present in the liquid of wine, includes tannins, proteins, and other microscopic solids
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Leaving some or all of the stem intact in red wine will add what to a wine?
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tannin, when the juice, skins, and stems are soaked together
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what is skin contact?
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when certain types of grapes are allowed to soak for a certain time with the skins
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can white wine be made from red grapes? where does the color of wine come from?
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yes, the color of wine comes primarily from the grape skins. by removing the skins immediately after picking, no color is imparted to the wine, and it will be white.
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what is maceration?
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when the must of black grapes goes directly into the fermentation vats, it soaks to extract aromas, tannins, and color from the skins.
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what does maceration do?
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increases aroma intensity and the wines mouth feel, the weight and texture in your mouth
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when does maceration occur?
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the winemaker may choose to macerate the must before and/or after fermentation
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what is carbonic maceration?
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a process in which the grape berries are carefully left whole and undergo a type of fermentation inside each berry, without the assistance of yeast
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is sugar ever added to wine? why?
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sometimes, sugar is added to wine before fermentation in regions where this is permitted. This is referred to as CHAPTALIZATION. Its added to the must so the yeast is able to generate more alcohol in the finial wine. It is used to compensate for grapes that do not have enough of their own natural sugars to produce a wine of sufficient alcohol.
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Does the yeast have a flavor?
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yes, the winemaker decides whether to allow detectable traces of yeast flavors,
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what are Lees?
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the dead yeast cells and other solids that settle to the bottom of the wine after fermentation. Lees contact gives the wine a rich mouthfeel and a brioche or bread-roll aroma.
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what is batonnage?
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the process of stirring the lees in the barrel, to increase influence of lees
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what is tannin? is it desirable in wine?
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tannin is a natural preservative and is one of the many components that give wine its longevity. it comes from skins, pits, and stems of the grapes.
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what is another source of Tannin in wine?
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wood, such as the oak barrels in which some wines are aged or fermented.
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is acidity desirable in wine?
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an overly acidic wine is described as tart or sour, but acidity is a very important component in the aging of wines.
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what is malolactic fermentation (Malo) ? when does it take place?
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takes place after the alcoholic fermentation and any lees contact. Almost all red wines undergo malo for an increased stability after bottling, but it is used very selectively for whites.
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What are some cheaper alternatives to using barrels, that still impart the basic oak effect?
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oak sticks, barrel staves, oak pellets, chips , powder, and even oak extract
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Explain Large Barrel v. Small barrels differences...
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larger the barrel, lower the ratio of barrel surface are to volume: less of the wine by volume will be in direct contact with the surface of the barrel. The largest Barrels will have little if any flavor impact on the wine.
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In Bordeaux, what is the 225 liter barrel called?
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Barrique
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A Medium Toast Barrel will impart what kind of flavor on a wine?
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vanilla or caramel
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A Heavy Toast Barrel will impart what kind of flavor on a wine?
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cloves, cinnamon, smoke, or coffee
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What does "unfiltered" mean on the label of a wine?
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After any barrel aging and before the wine is bottled, it may be filtered to remove stray yeast cells or bacteria, microscopic bits of grape material, and other potentially unstable solids.
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What is meant by "vintage"? Why is one year considered better than another?
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A vintage indicates the year the grapes were harvested, so every year is a vintage year. A vintage chart reflects the weather conditions for various years. Better weather usually results in a better rating for the vintage.
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Are all wines meant to be aged?
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No, more than 90% of all the wines made in the world should be consumed within one year, and less than 1% should be aged for more than 5 years.
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What impact does aging have on the flavor of red wine?
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Even once its bottled, it ages due to the effects of oxygen, and various reactions that cause tannins to drop to the bottom of the bottle as grainy sediment, new flavors develop, and color goes from pale slowly toward brown. Tannins will decrease, flavors will mature.
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Best red wines for long aging?
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red bordeaux, barolo/Barbaresco, Napa Cab, Rhone Valley (syrah/grenache), Vintage Port
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Best whites for long aging?
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White Burgundy from the Cote de Beaune, Chenin Blanc from the Loire, Riesling (auslese or above), Tokay from Hungary, White Bordeaux (Sauternes)
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What makes a wine last more than five years?
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color of the grape, vintage, where the wine comes from, how the wine was made (vinification), wine storage conditions
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What are some examples of bad flavors?
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Corked (TCA), Oxidation, sulfur, brett, volatile acidity
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What is TCA?
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Trichloroanisole, comes from the cork, smells similar to mildewed cardboard.
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What flavor will too much Oxidation impart on wine?
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a nutty, sherry like flavor
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What is Brett?
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short for Brettanomyces, a yeast that may grow in the winery- particularly on equipment or in barrels that have not been carefully cleaned- and will infect wine that comes into contact with it.
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What is VA?
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Volatile Acidity - a certain level in wine is desirable, but too much creates excess acetic acid in wine, which in high concentrations causes wine to smell like vinegar.
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what % of all wine bottles are affected by TCA?
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2%-7%
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How many wine regions are there in the world?
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over 800
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How many wine producing countries are there in the world?
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over 60
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Cabernet Sauvignon Grape Flavors
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Cassis (black currant), Blackberry, Violets
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Cabernet Sauvignon Winemaking Flavors
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Pencil Shavings, toast, tobacco-dead leaf
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Grenache Grape Flavors
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Cherries, Raspberries, Spicy
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Grenache WInemaking Flavors
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Concentrations, Extraction
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Merlot Grape Flavors
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Blackberries, Black Olives, Plum
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Merlot WInemaking Flavors
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Pencil Shavings, Toast
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Nebbiolo Grape Flavors
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Plum, Raspberries, Truffle, Acidity
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Nebbiolo Winemaking Flavors
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Strong tea, Nutmeg, Gamey
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Pinot Noir Grape Flavors
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Perfumed, Raspberries, Red Cherry, Acidity
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Pinot Noir WInemaking Flavors
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Smoky, Earthy
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Sangiovese Grape Flavors
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Black Cherries, Blackberries, violets, Spice
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Sangiovese Winemaking Flavors
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Cedar, plum, Vanilla
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Syrah/Shiraz Grape Flavors
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Spicy, Black fruits, blueberry
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Syrah/shiraz winemaking flavors
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toasty, vanilla, coffee
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Tempranillo Grape Flavors
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Fruity, Cherries
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Tempranillo Winemaking Flavors
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Oak (American), Tobacco
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Chardonnay Grape Flavors
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Apple, melon, pear
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Chardonnay Winemaking flavors
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vanilla, taost, butterscoth
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Riesling Grape Flavors
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minerality, citrus, tropical fruit, acidity
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Riesling Winemaking flavors
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Steely, Green Apples, petrol
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Sauvignon Blanc Grape flavors
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Tomato stalk, cut grass, grapefruit, citrus, aromatic
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sauvignon blanch winemaking flavors
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coconut, smoky, vanilla
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