Leukocytes

Front 1

Leukocytes are the most?

Back 1

abundant

Front 2

Leukocytes are transported into the?

Back 2

blood to sites of infection or injury

Front 3

Leukocytes provide?

Back 3

defense against infectious agents

Front 4

An adult has how many leukocytes per microliter of blood?

Back 4

7,000

Front 5

Leukocytes can be classified as? 3

Back 5

1. Granulocytes ("polyps")
2. Monocytes - 5.3% of total
3. Lymphocytes - 30% of total

Front 6

Granulocytes have what type of appearance?

Back 6

granular

Front 7

The granulocytes can be further divided into? 3

Back 7

1. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) - 62% of total WBC
2. Eosinophils - 2.3% of total
3. Basophils - 0.4% of total

Front 8

PMNs and monocytes are formed from?

Back 8

pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and are continually released to the blood

Front 9

PMNs and monocytes are stored in?

Back 9

the bone marrow until mobilized by appropriate signals

Front 10

PMNs circulate in the blood for?

Back 10

4-8hrs; after moving across venules (diapedesis), PMNs may exist in tissues for 4-5 days unless their life span is shortened by resisting infection

Front 11

After release from bone marrow, monocytes may?

Back 11

circulate in the blood for as much as 10-20 hours before moving across capillaries into tissues

Front 12

Within the tissues, monocytes mature into?

Back 12

macrophages which may persist in tissues for many months

Front 13

Lymphocytes are produced from?

Back 13

precursor cells that migrate from the bone marrow to the thymus gland and secondary lymphoid tissues

Front 14

Lymphocytes released to the circulation move into tissues by?

Back 14

the process of diapedesis; there they can participate in an immune response or enter the lymph system and return to the circulation

Front 15

Lymphocytes may exist for?

Back 15

months

Front 16

Prinicipal function of PMNs and monocyte-macrophages?

Back 16

is phagocytosis of bacteria and viruses

Front 17

Movement of PMNs and monocyte-macrophages into tissues

Back 17

1. Adherence to endothelium via cell-cell adhesion molecules
2. Diapedesis - movement through endothelial "pores"
3. Ameboid movement within tissues

Front 18

Movement occurs in response to?

Back 18

chemical agents -- chemotaxis

Front 19

What attracts PMNs?

Back 19

LTB4

Front 20

Chemokines are produced by?

Back 20

activated macrophages and endothelial cells

Front 21

Chemotaxis includes movement of what substances? 4

Back 21

1. LTB4
2. Chemokines produced by activated macrophages and endothelial cells
3. Bacterial products, eg, endotoxin
4. Complement products C3a and C5a

Front 22

In phagocytosis, the phagocyte must be?

Back 22

selective

Front 23

In phagocytosis, there must be?

Back 23

opsonization of foreign material

Front 24

What are directed against foreign material and adhere to it?

Back 24

antibodies

Front 25

Which complement product binds to the foreign material?

Back 25

C3b

Front 26

Phagocytes have what two antibody receptors?

Back 26

Fc receptors and C3b receptors

Front 27

Phagocytosis by PMN, because?

Back 27

they are mature cells ready for phagocytosis

Front 28

What does the PMN do?

Back 28

engulfs material, enclosing it in a phagocytic vesicle

Front 29

Within the PMN, what occurs?

Back 29

lysosomes fuse with the phagocytic vesicle, creating a digestive vesicle allowing lysosomal enzymes to break down the phagocytized material

Front 30

Activated PMNs produce?

Back 30

bactericidal reactive oxygen molecules (H202, 02, 0H-) the so-called "respiratory burst"

Front 31

PMNs also produce?

Back 31

lysozyme, which can destroy bacterial cell membranes

Front 32

The process of phagocytosis typically destroys the?

Back 32

PMN

Front 33

Phagocytosis by monocytes begins with?

Back 33

monocytes are immature cells and are converted in the tissues to macrophages, which have phagocytic activity

Front 34

Macrophages are ____ ______ phagocytes than PMNs.

Back 34

more potent

Front 35

Are macrophages destroyed in phagocytosis?

Back 35

not necessarily

Front 36

Phagocytosis by macrophages

Back 36

occurs in a similar manner to that with PMNs

Front 37

Reticuloendothelial system or?

Back 37

monocyte-macrophage system

Front 38

What is the reticuloendothelial system?

Back 38

general term that includes circulating monocytes, mobile macrophages, and fixed tissue macrophages

Front 39

The reticuloendothelial system is said to be?

Back 39

strategically located and particularly important in tissues exposed to, or potentially exposed to, large amounts of pathogens

Front 40

Macrophages in the skin and subcutaneous tissue (histiocytes) provide protection against?

Back 40

infectious agents when the skin is broken

Front 41

Macrophages in the lymph nodes provide protection against?

Back 41

infectious agents that reach the interstitial space

Front 42

Alveolar macrophages provide protection against
?

Back 42

inhaled pathogens

Front 43

Kupffer cells contain?

Back 43

tissue macrophages in the hepatic sinusoids; provide protection against infectious agents that cross the gut wall and enter the portal venous blood

Front 44

Macrophages in the spleen do what?

Back 44

phagocytize pathogens that reach the circulation (also phagocytize old RBCs)

Front 45

Microglia in the brain are derived from?

Back 45

monocytes; provide protection against infectious agents that enter the CNS

Front 46

Macrophages also exist in the ___________ ________.

Back 46

glomerular mesangium

Front 47

Descirbe the inflammatory response

Back 47

generalized response to tissue injury/infection; designed to provide protection and tissue repair

Front 48

What occurs in the inflammatory response? 4

Back 48

1. Local vasodilation
2. Local edema and extravasation of plasma proteins, including fibrinogen
3. Clotting of fluid in the interstitial space
4. Migration of PMNs and monocytes into area

Front 49

What is the first line of defense?

Back 49

tissue macrophages

Front 50

Tissue macrophages are activated within how long after the insult?

Back 50

minutes

Front 51

Tissue macrophages begin what? and secrete?

Back 51

phagocytosis and secrete cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6, MCP-1)

Front 52

TNF-alpha stimulates?

Back 52

endothelial cell production of adhesion molecules and chemokines, both of which are necessary for leukocyte infiltration

Front 53

IL-1 stimulates?

Back 53

endothelial cell production of adhesion molecules and alters the hypothalamic core temperature set-point, producing fever

Front 54

IL-1 also activates?

Back 54

T-lymphocytes, thereby recruiting those cell types for defense

Front 55

IL-6 stimulates?

Back 55

B-lymphocytes, thereby recruiting those cell types for defense

Front 56

TNF-alpha, IL-2, IL-6 stimulate what?

Back 56

hepatocyte production of acute phase proteins, including C-reactive protein (CRP)

Front 57

Serum CRP is often used as?

Back 57

a clinical measure of inflammation and may be an independent predictor of cardiovascular risk, and elevated CRP levels might be predictive of perioperative morbidity

Front 58

What is the second line of defense?

Back 58

migration of neutrophils into inflamed area

Front 59

What occurs in the second line of defense?

Back 59

1. Adherence to endothelial cells via cell-cell adhesion molecules
2. Diapedesis
3. Chemotaxis

Front 60

How long does it take the second line of defense to occur?

Back 60

within the first hour or so after inflammation begins; accompanied by mobilization of neutrophils stored in bone marrow

Front 61

What is the third line of defense?

Back 61

migration of monocytes into inflamed area and maturation into macrophages

Front 62

How long does the third line of defense take?

Back 62

several days to become fully effective

Front 63

In acute inflammation what else occurs?

Back 63

increased bone marrow production of PMNs and monocytes

Front 64

Increased bone marrow production of PMNs and monocytes is stimulated by?

Back 64

cytokines and may persist indefinitely

Front 65

Eosinophils

Back 65

comprise only 2-3% of total leukocytes; thus probably not important in defense against usual infectious agents

Front 66

Eosinophils have _______ activity.

Back 66

antiparasitic

Front 67

Eosinophils accumulate in areas of? such as?

Back 67

allergic activity
-bronchioles in patients with asthma
- in skin during allergic skin reactions

Front 68

Eosinophils may function to phagocytize?

Back 68

allergen-antibody complexes

Front 69

Basophils are similiar to?

Back 69

mast cells; produce inflammatory mediators such as histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes

Front 70

Basophils are involved in?

Back 70

allergic responses

Front 71

Basophils role in allergic responses

Back 71

antigen + IgE --> basophil release of inflammatory mediators
-release of eosinophil chemotaxis factor

Front 72

Name two leukocyte disorders

Back 72

1. Leukopenia
2. Leukemias

Front 73

Leukopenia (agranulocytosis) is caused by?

Back 73

irradation
-adverse effect of some drugs

Front 74

Leukemia is an?

Back 74

overproduction of undifferentiated leukocytes

Front 75

Myelogenous begins in?

Back 75

the bone marrow; metastasis

Front 76

Lymphocytic begins in?

Back 76

lymphoid tissue; metastasis