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63 Cards in this Set
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Science |
Science definition |
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3 division of science |
Pure,applied,natural |
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– a science which explains the facts and principles about the universe.Research conducted for acquiring knowledge.– uses scientific facts and principles to make things useful to man.Scientific knowledge used for practical knowledge/purpose.– A science which deals with the study of nature. |
Pure Applied Natural |
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refers to the entire physical universe and all organisms in it. |
Nature |
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2 Division of Natural Science: |
Concrete and abstract |
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Abstract= Concrete= |
Tangible Intangible |
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3 types of concrete science: |
Physical science Sociological science Biological science |
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– non-living sciences – relationship, interaction – living organism |
Physical science Sociological science Biological science |
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3 divisions of Biology: |
Botany Zoology Microbiology |
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– plants– animals– microorganism |
Botany Zoology Microbiology |
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In ___________, texts described some aspects of bird life, and |
ancient India |
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In ________, the metamorphosis of insects and frogs was described. Egyptians |
Egypt |
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and _________ also knew of anatomy and physiology in various forms. |
Babylonians |
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In _____________, animals were sometimes kept in what can be described as the first zoological gardens |
ancient Mesopotamia |
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In the Greco-Roman world, scholars became more interested in rationalist methods. Greek scientist and philosopher ___________, during the 300s B.C.E., described many animals and their behaviors, and devoted considerable attention to categorizing them. |
Aristotle |
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In ancient Rome, __________ is known for his knowledge of nature. Later, became a pioneer in medicine and anatomy |
Pliny the Elder Claudius Galen |
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The medieval period from the fifth century to early sixteenth century has often been called the dark age of biology. Of the Arab biologists, _________, who died about 868, is particularly noteworthy. He wrote __________ (Book of animals). |
Al-Jahiz Kitab al Hayawan |
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. In the 1200s, the German scholar named ____________ wrote ____________ (seven books) and _____________ (26 books). He discussed in some detail the reproduction of animals. |
Albertus Magnus De vegetabilibus De animalibus |
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During the Renaissance, roughly from mid-1300s C.E. to early 1600s C.E., naturalists described and classified many animals, and artists such as ______&________contributed accurate drawings of animals. Many visual artists were interested in the bodies of animals and humans and studied the physiology in detail. Such comparisons as that between a horse leg and a human leg were made. Books about animals included those by __________ |
Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci Conrad Gesner |
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In the middle and late 1600s, the pioneering use of the microscope led to insights on physiology, such as observations on blood by __________ , and on minute organisms by ______________, who published ___________ in 1665, based on his observations using a compound microscope. Hooke described the compartments of cork tissue as "cells." |
Marcello Malphighi Micrographia |
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______________ (1632–1723), who made more than 400 microscopes himself, was the first person to view single-celled microbes. |
Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
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Systematizing and classifying dominated biology throughout much of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. __________ (1707–1778), a Swedish botanist, developed a classification for animals based on shared characteristics. His new system greatly standardized the rules for grouping and naming animals and plants. |
Carolus Linnaeus |
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At this time, the long-held idea that living organisms could originate from nonliving matter (spontaneous generation) began to crumble, particularly through the work of _________ (1822–1895). |
Louis Pasteur |
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_________, with his publication of __________, placed the theory of organic evolution on a new footing, by his marshalling of evidence for evolution by descent with modification, and by presentation of a process by which it could occur, the ___________. Darwin's theories revolutionized the zoological and botanical sciences. |
Charles Darwin The Origin of Species theory of natural selection |
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Gregor Mendel's experiments hybridizing certain cultivated varieties of plants were presented in 1865 and published in 1866, but failed to attract notice until thirty-five years later in the early twentieth century, sixteen years after his death. Mendel's object was to gain a better understanding of the principles of heredity. Mendel made his chief experiments with cultivated varieties of the self-fertilizing _______ . |
edible pea |
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– 500 B.C.– father of biology studied the hearts and brain of animals – he described the warming – greatest authority in human anatomy – model – barbary ape. student – ___________ – created a book in anatomy. – physiologist – studied the circulation of blood. – discovered that organs are made of tissues. |
Greeks Aristotle Galen Andreas Versalius William Harvey Marie Francois Bichat |
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– coined the term cell – basic unit of life. – made the first microscopediscovered the single-celled organism -__________ – discovered the double helix DNA made DNA model.
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Robert Hooke Anton Van Leeuwenhoek Animalicules James Watson and Francis Crick |
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– introduces the theory in evolution – _____________ and _________ – father of evolution – book ________ theory known as |
Jean de Baptiste Lamarck Use and Disuse and Spontaneous Generation Theory. Charles Darwin Natural Selection |
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– father of genetics– father of bacteriology– studied the structure of penicillin and Vitamin B12 – discovered the penicillin. – discovered the polio-vaccine injectible. – introduce the chemotheraphy. |
Gregor Jahann Mendel Louis Pasteur Dorothy Hodgkin Alexander Fleming Jonas Salk Paul Erick |
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– __________– the cradle of civilization. – first evolutionary theory – that man developed from fishes to fishes with action of mudlight.– discovered the retina of the eye and optic nerve of the brain.– first to give the anatomical description of man. – wrote about marine fossils – father of medicine. |
Plato Atlantis Anaximander Hirophilus Diogenes Xenophanes Hippocratis |
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– give definition of fossil.– frenchman who illustrated the first workbook in zoology. – comparative anatomy of fishes. – divided the fishes into bony and cartilaginous one. |
Leonardo da Vinci Konrad Gesner Gullaume Rondelet Pierre Belon |
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– reproductive system– pathology – hearing sense. – circulatory system |
Fallopio Paracelsus Columbus Cesalpino |
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– lymphatic system – Glands in the body – father of Histology– father of entomology – father of modern parasitology |
Bartholin Wharton Marcelo Malphigi Jan Swammerdam Rudolphi |
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- germ layer – father of Embryology– Tissue formation – discovered the purkinje fiber in the cerebellum of the brain.– Chromosomes– breeding experiment of the fruit fly – synthesis of DNA |
Karl Ernst Von Baer Leydig Purkinje August Weismann Thomas Morgan Arthur Komkerg |
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- germ layer – father of Embryology– Tissue formation – discovered the purkinje fiber in the cerebellum of the brain.– Chromosomes– breeding experiment of the fruit fly – synthesis of DNA |
Karl Ernst Von Baer Leydig Purkinje August Weismann Thomas Morgan Arthur Komkerg |
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– study of forms and structure of organism - study of the parts of the organism– study of functions of the parts. – cell– tissues – Muscles – growth and development of new organism.– study of organism and their environment. |
Morphology Anatomy Physiology Cytology Histology Myology Embryology Ecology |
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– classification of organism.– heredity– origin of the organism.– microorganism– chemistry of living organism.– insects – fishes– birds- Study of reptiles and amphibians |
Taxonomy Genetics Evolution Microbiology Biochemistry Entomology Ichthyology Ornithology Herpetology |
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– mammals – study of man – shells – parasites – worms/parasites21. Study of mollusks – 22. Study of spiders – 23. Study of one-celled animals – |
Mammalogy Anthropology Conchology Parasitology Helminthology malacology arachnology protozoology |
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– science of food conversion25. – Animal behavior26. – fossils27. – animal distribution28. – hormonal actions29. - study of unknown & unclassified species |
Nutrition Ethology Paleontology Zoogeography Endocrinology Cryptozoology |
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30. = Study of virus31. = Study of coelenterates.32. = Study of improvement of human race through laws of heredity.33. = Study of nucleus. |
Virology Cindology Euthenics Karyology |
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=Study of epidemic diseases.35. =Study of defense and resistance against any diseases.36. = Study of enzymes.37. =Study of blood.38. =Study of heart.39.=Study of bones.40. =study of endocrine glands and hormones. |
Epidemiology Immunology Enzymology Hematology Cardiology Oesteology Endocrinology |
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a division of zoology that studies mites and ticks. — , 2. the branch of zoology that studies crustaceans. — , 3. the study of whales. — , n.4. the state or condition of being united by growth. — 5. the branch of zoology that studies scales, mealy bugs, and other members of the family 6. the branch of zoology that studies crustaceans. |
acarology......acarologist carcinology......carcinologist cetology.....cetologist coadunation.....coadunate coccidology..... crustaceology.... |
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7. the branch of zoology that studies the dog, especially its natural history.8. the branch of zoology that studies echinoderms.9. development of an organism or form of animal life in which body segmentation is complete before hatching. — _______, adj.10. the branch of entomology that studies butterflies. —.11. the laws of animal life or the animal kingdom. 12. the study or science of the diseases of animals; animal pathology. 13. the physiology of animals, as distinct from that of humans.14. zoological classification; the scientific classification of animals. |
cynology echinology epimorphosis...epimorphic lepidopterology zoonomy, zoonomia zoopathology zoophysiology zootaxy |
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Tools in Biology: |
1. Optical Instruments 2. Non – Optical Instruments3. Complicated Technology3.1 Centrifuges – used to separate the parts of cell by spinning it around the solution.3.2 Microdissection Apparatus – used to control movement of instrument to work on minute organism.3.3 Computer – data purposes.3.4 Microscopes – produced greatly magnified images |
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– used to separate the parts of cell by spinning it around the solution.3.2 – used to control movement of instrument to work on minute organism.3.3 – data purposes.3.4 – produced greatly magnified images |
Centrifuges Microdissection Apparatus Computer Microscopes |
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Characteristics of life |
Ability to move Ability to reproduce Ability to grow Definite lifespan Response to stimuli |
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Properties of living systems |
Chemical uniqueness Complexity and Hierarchical Organization Reproduction Possession of a Genetic Program Metabolism Growth / Development Environmental Interaction |
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Chemical UniquenessMade up of large molecules___________Four categories _ _ _ _ |
Macromolecules Nucleic AcidsProteinsCarbohydratesLipids |
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Complexity and Hierarchical OrganizationOne level builds on previous level * * * * – Unique characteristics that appear at a given level of organization |
Macromolecules CellsTissueOrgansOrgan system etc Emergent Characteristics |
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4) Possession of a Genetic ProgramFaithful transmission of traits – ______Information contained in _______Specifically encoded in the _____ |
Heredity Genes DNA |
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-Replacement of individuals in a populationTypes of Reproduction |
Reproduction AsexualSexual |
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-Complex chemical processes that go on in cells – provide energyTwo processes – Building up reactions – Breaking down reactions |
Metabolism Anabolism Catabolism |
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6) -Changes that take place during the life of an organism – The transformation that take place in post-embryonic stages |
Growth / Development Metamorphosis |
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7) Environmental Interaction – Study of interactions between organisms and their environmentOrganisms responding to stimuli from environment __________ |
Ecology IRRITABILITY |
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SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PLANTS AND ANIMALS1. 2. |
MADE UP OF PROTOPLASM – THEN TO CELLTHE SAME METABOLIC PROCESSES. |
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1. Autotrophic 2. Rigid cell wall with cellulose 3.Oxygen is a waste product 4. restricted movement 5. variable body size & shape 6. Organs are added externally 7. restricted response 8. Carbohydrates as starch 9. spores/asexual reproduction |
1. Heterotrophic 2. none. Cell membrane3. CarbonDioxide 4. locomotive 5. fixed 6. internally added 7. pronounced response 8. glycogen9. fertilization 6. internally added 7. pronounced response 8. glycogen 9. fertilization |
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___________Galapagos Islands1859 – Published “The Origin of Species”Major obstacle – Heredity not understood5 major theories |
Charles Darwin |
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1) _________Living world is neither constant nor cyclic instead is constantly changingFossil Evidence99% of species that once lived on the planet now extinct |
Perpetual Change |
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2) Common DescentAll forms of life descended from a common ancestor through branching lineages __________ __________ – Provide evidence |
PHYLOGENY DNA studies |
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3) Multiplication of Speciesnew species are produced by the splitting and transformation of older onesProcess known as – ________ |
Speciation |
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4) _________Large differences that characterize different species, originate through the accumulation of small changes over a period of time Did not take place overnight – but over geological time |
Gradualism |
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____________Explains why organisms are constructed the way they are To meet the demands of their environment Survival of the Fittest |
Natural Selection |
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Darwin's 5 laws |
Perpetual Common descent Multiplication of Species Gradualism Natural selection |
