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183 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Midsagittal plane |
Division of the body vertically into right and left |
Right down the body |
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Medial |
Toward the midline |
Toward the belly button from the elbow |
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Lateral |
Away from the midline |
Away from the belly button toward the elbow |
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Proximal |
Near the point of attachment |
Think going toward the shoulder |
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Distal |
Away from the point of attachment |
Think going away from the shoulder towards the finger tips |
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Frontal or coronal plane |
Division of the body vertically into front half and back half |
Think right down the shoulder |
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Anterior or ventral |
Front |
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Posterior or dorsal |
Back |
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Superior or cranial |
Above |
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Inferior or caudal |
Below |
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Anterior |
Divided by diaphragm into thoracic and abdominopelvic |
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Addomainopelvic cavity |
Divided into upper abdominal and lower pelvic |
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Abdominal |
Contain stomach, small intestine, liver, spleen, pancreas, gallbladder, most of the large intestines. And the kidneys- in the posterior/dorsal abdominal space known as retroperitoneal |
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Pelvic cavity |
Reproductive organs, urinary bladder, last section of the large intestine, and pelvic girdle |
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Theocratic cavity |
The chest, including everything between the neck in the diaphragm divided into divided into the meduiastinum and two plural cavities. The meduiastinum is two plural cavities. The meduiastinum contains the heart, trachea, great vessels, and some other structures;the plural cavities are on either side of the meduiastinum and contains the lungs and the plural linings |
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Center of cells |
Nuculeus |
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Cells have |
Chromosomes in them |
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23 pair (46 pair) Store hereditary material; 22 pair are identical/ autosome with 1 pair determine sex x=female, y= male) rod- shaped composed of long strands of molecules called Deoxyrbonucleic acid (DNA) The encodes the genes |
Chromosomes |
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Gene's |
Produce characteristics or traits such as eye color; substances in chromosomes that dictates heredity |
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Produces a trait without regard to the nature of its pair member |
Dominant gene |
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Both members of gene pair are of similar Mutation |
Recessive gene |
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Defective gene is carried on the x chromosome |
Sex or x-linked gene |
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Diffusion |
Process of gas, liquid, or solid molecules distributing themselves evenly through a medium |
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Osmosis |
Process of diffusion of water of solvent through a selective permeable membrane |
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Filtration |
Movement of solutes and water acrossed a semi semipermeable membrane as a result of force such as gravity or blood pressure |
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Active transport |
Molecules moving across a membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of higher concentration |
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Phagocytosis |
Cell eating "white blood cells engulf bacteria. |
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Pinocytosis |
"Cell drinking" engulfing of large molecules of liquid material |
Too much fluid in the body |
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Mitosis |
Cell division |
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5 stages of mitosis |
1.Prophase: chromosomes condensed 2. Metaphase: chromosomes align 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase 5. Daughter cells |
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Homeostasis |
State of the body when cells, organs, and tissues are performing appropriately |
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Mutation |
When DNA is lost, rearranged and paired and error |
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Trait |
Recognizable result of the effect of a gene or group of genes |
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Congenital |
Occur during fetal life, not something the child is born with |
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Genetic |
Result from initial cellular structure at conception |
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Cleft lip |
Structural defect of upper lip; caused by failure of soft or bony tissue to the United during 8th to 12 week of gestation |
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Cleft palate |
Structural defect of the roof of the mouth; caused by failure of soft and bony tissue to unite during 8 to 12 week of gestation |
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Down syndrome |
Inproper cell division resulting in triplicate of number 21 chromosomes; incidence in North America is 1 in every 1,000 live births; Mental retardation occurs with some degree of growth restriction |
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Klinfelters syndrome |
Sex linked disorder caused by chromosomes abnormally effecting approximately one in every 600 males; apparent and puberty when penis and testicles fail to mature fully; leads to sterility; breast enlargement, mental retardation sparse body hair growth, abnormal body build and personality disorder occur |
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Spina bifida |
Structural malformation of the spine Posterior portion of the spinal tissue fails to close during the 1st 3 months of pregnancy |
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Talipes |
"Clubfoot" structural malformation of feet. Inward, outward, downward, or upward turning of one or both feet |
I think more Pigeon toe |
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Turner's syndrome |
Sex linked disorder affecting 1 in 10,000 newborn females caused webbing of neck, low hairline, wide chest, poor brest development, under development genitalia, failure of Ovarian development; sex cells failed to divide correctly resulting and 45 chromosomes |
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Epithelial |
Form glands; cover the surface of the body cavities; provide specific secretions from glands known as endocrine or ductless glands and exocrine |
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Connective |
Form supportive structure of the body; connects other tissue together to form organs and body parts |
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Keloid |
Excessive growth of scar tissue |
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Nerve tissue |
Units of neuron (nerve cells) Clusters of neurons from nerve tissue |
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Dendrites |
Delivers/ brings impulses to the cell body |
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Axons |
Conducts impulses away from the cell body |
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Sensory nerve fibers |
In skin or Sense organ; sends signal towards spinal cord and brain |
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Interneuron/connecting never fibers |
Carries impulse to another neuron |
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Motor nerve fibers |
Receives impulse to cause a reaction |
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Peripheral nerves |
Nerves outside the brain and spinal cord; fibers are covered with myelin sheath (a fatty insulating material ) and neurilemma (a thin membrane) |
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Muscle tissue |
2 types Voluntary: Tissue controlled at will with impulses from the brain; connected to bones known as skeletal or striated muscle; gives the body the ability to move Involuntary: actions occurs without control or conscious awareness |
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Smooth (involuntary) muscle cell |
Found within walls of organs Except the heart |
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Cardiac muscles ( involuntary) |
Found in the heart only |
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Two or more types of body tissue working together to perform specific body functions |
Organs |
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(CNS) Central nervous system |
Brain and spinal cord |
3 divisions of the nervous system |
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Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
All the nerves connected to the CNS and every organ and every area of the body |
3 divisions of the nervous system |
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Autonomic Nervous system (ANS) |
Subset of the PNS ; controls internal organs and self- regulating body functions |
3 divisions of the nervous system |
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Nissl bodies |
Granular "dots" within cytoplasm |
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Ganglion |
A mass of nerve tissue that sends and receives nerve impulses |
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Cell body |
Contain many dendrites delivering the impulse and the one axon taking the impulse away |
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Sensory/ afferent never |
Nerve fibers going from a sense organs to the brain or spinal cord; transmit messages from Millions of special receptors Cells to the spinal cord; transmits messages from millions of special receptors cells to three spinal cord and on to the brain for interpretation and decisions |
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Motor/efferent nerve: |
nerve fibers carrying impulses from the brain or spinal cord to muscles, organs or glands
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Synapse |
"Jumping" off impulses across the space within the cell body between the dendrite and axon |
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Synapse cleft |
Space between dendrite and axon within the cell body of a neuron |
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Neurotransmitters |
chemical messengers released into the cleft |
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Speed of nerve impulse |
200mph, alcohol slows the speed, stimulant drugs and nerve gases increase the speed |
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12 pair of cranial nerves |
Connecting the brain directly to the sense organs |
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31 pairs of spinal nerves |
Sensory, motor, and mixed nerves |
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Interneurons |
White matter on the anterior surface of vertebrae (spinal bones) |
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Ganglion (a bulge) on the posterior root of vertebrae; |
A mass of tissue that receives and sends nerve impulses |
Knee jerk test |
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Sympathetic |
Accelerates activity of smooth muscles; begins at the base of the brain run downs both sides of the spinal column |
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Parasympathetic |
Reverses Action of sympathetic nerves by slowing down the activity |
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Brain |
Weighs about 3 pounds, mass of never tissue made up of 100 billion neurons. |
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Meninges |
Protective and supportive covering of the Brian 3 layers and two spaces Pia matter Arachnoid Dura matter Subdural space |
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Pia matter |
Inner layer of the meninges; nourishes nerve tissue |
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Arachnoid |
Middle layer of the meninges |
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Dura matter |
tough outter layer of the meninges |
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Subdural space |
Between dura mater and arachnoid |
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Ventricles |
Hollow space that allows cerebrospinal fluid to flow through the brain; connections from the ventricles into the subarachnoid space |
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Cerebrospinal fluid (csf) |
liquid flowing through cavities of the brain and spinal cord; watery cushion or shock absorber providing protection; transports nutrients, proteins and carbohydrates to the brain and spinal cord formed continuously in ventricles at a rate of 450ml per day with only 150ml being presented at any time |
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Brain surface |
Deep furrows and folds |
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Longitudinal fissure |
Divides bajoran into two hemispheres |
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Cerebrum |
Controls sensory and motor activities; divided into lobes |
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Frontal |
Behind the forehead; related to emotions |
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Occipital |
Far back portion; associated with vision |
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Parietal lobes |
Located on either side between frontal and occipital; associated speech movement of hands, feet, and tongue, sense of pain, touch, heat, and cold, hearing through auditory nerve, and smell through olfactory nerve |
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Cerebellum |
Below the cerebrum; responsible for smooth muscle movement, muscle tone, coordination such as equilibrium, walking, and dancing |
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Diencephalon |
Space between cerebrum and brain stem; where hypothalamus and thalamus are located |
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Brain stem |
Lower portion is made up of 3 section |
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Thalamus |
Relay station for impulses going to and from the brain and from cerebellum and other parts of the brain |
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Pons |
Below the mid brain, above the medulla oblongata; regulates breathing |
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Medulla oblongata |
Adjoins the spinal cord, influences heart, lungs, stomach secretions |
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Ateriography |
Test with catheter inserted into an artery and threaded up to the carotid artery in the neck. dye is injected to show cerebral blood vessels with X-ray; can detect aneurisms, hemorrhage, stroke, and arteriosclerosis (hardening of arteries) |
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Coma scale |
Glasgow come scale assessment tool used to describe level of consciousness |
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Computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scan) |
Series of x-rays of layers of slices of the brain to construct a 3-dimensional picture useful for identifying tumors, bleeding blood clots, decreased brain size, brain edema |
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Electroencephalography (EEG) |
Brain wave test; measures brains electrical signal; picks up abnormalities caused by epilepsy, tumor, stroke, head injury, or infection; can document sleep disorders |
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Electromyography (EMG) |
Nerve conduction studies that demonstrates the electrical activity of the peripheral muscles when stimulated with a needle; done to measure speed of nerve conduction; used to diagnose diabetic neuropathy and carpal tunnel syndrome |
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Lumbar puncture |
Aka: spinal tap spinal needle inserted into subarachnoid space to remove CSF for testing |
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) |
Uses radio waves and magnets to make a picture; method of choice to image the brain and spine |
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Myelography |
Lumbar puncture performed to remove CSF and instill dye to outline the structures of the x-ray |
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Positron emission tomography (PET scan) |
Allows visualization of the physiological performance of the body |
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Skull x-ray |
Used to identify fractures and dense areas of the skull |
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS |
Progressive and fatal neurologic disease causes degeneration of motor neurons of brain and spinal cord; striking between 40-70 (slow and unnoticed) muscle weakness or stiffness that progresses to muscle atrophy and paralysis; cause is unknown |
Lou gehrig's disease |
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Cerebral palsy |
NonProgressive brain injury occurring during fetal development; caused by conditions resulting in lack of oxygen to the brain, hemorrhage, or brain damage; no cure |
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Encephalitis |
Severe brain inflammation; symptoms include fever, headache, vomiting, stiff neck and back, drowsiness, restlessness, convulsions, coma; usually caused by virus- bearing mosquito or tick. Treatable with drug therapy |
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Essential tremor |
Most common movement disorders; involuntary shaking of hands and head; confusion with Parkinson's diseases; symptoms include mild shaking; causes is unknown. Treated with a beta-blocker propranolol or anti-seizure medications |
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Headache |
Types of vascular muscle contractions (tension) or tractioninflamitrory |
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Migraine headache |
Severe throbbing pain mostly and people with compulsive personality 16-18million Americans suffer from migraines. |
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Herpes zoster |
Unilateral inflammation of dorsal root ganglion; fluid-filled vesicle lesions on the skin with severe pain from the affected nerve; caused by herpes virus that causes chickenpox |
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Hydrocephalus |
Excessive accumulation of CFS within the ventricles of the brain; only treatment is surgical placement of a shunt |
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Meningitis |
Inflammation of the meninges, symptoms included high fever, chills, headache, vomiting, positive brudzinski's and Kernig's signs; usually caused by bacterial infection, treatment consist of antibiotics |
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Multiple sclerosis (MS) |
demyelinating disease of the nervous system; attacks young men and woman prime in life first diagnosed around 20-40 years old attacks myelin sheaths, treated with Adrenocorticorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and steroids |
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Neuralgia |
Nerve pain |
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Paralysis |
Temporary or permanent loss of voluntary function of portion of the body; 3 classification |
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Hemipelgia |
One of the tree classifications of paralysis. Causing one side paralysis |
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Paraplegia |
Loss of motor sensory function in lower extremities ( a form of paralysis) |
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Quadriplegia |
Permint paralysis affecting body systems, the arms, the legs, and all of the body below the level of injury to the spinal cord; usually result of trauma |
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Parkinson disease |
Progressive crippling disease; affects 1 in every 100 people over 60; effects men more then woman; symptoms include muscle rigidity and tremor of the hand; caused is unknown and their is no cure |
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Sciatica |
Inflammation of the sciatic nerve of the leg; unilateral; more common in males |
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Spinal cord defects |
Result from failure of tissue to properly close durning the first 3 months of pregnancy; spina bifida occulta is the most common and is characterized by incomplete closer to one or more vertebrae without protrusions of the spinal cord and meninges; usually requires no treatment |
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage |
Collection of blood in the subarachnoid space. |
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Subdural hematoma |
Collection of blood within the subdural space |
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Tourette syndrome |
Characterized by "tics" onset before age 21 first symptoms is a facial tic. Medications to help control outburst |
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Transient ischemic attack (TIA) |
Recurring stroke like events that last from a few seconds to a few hours that disappears 12-24 hours; mini strokes; warning sign of impending stroke; occur in 50-80% of patients who experience a stroke; symptoms include double vision, slurred speech, dizziness, staggering gait and falling |
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Trigeminal Neuralgia or tic douloureux |
Disorder of the 5th cranial nerve; usually on one side of the face; symptoms include episodes of excruciating facial pain on stimulation of trigger zone |
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Tumor |
Malignant brain tumors are extremely difficult to treat; most limit life from 6 months to 6 years; slightly more common In men then woman; causes unknown |
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Stimulus |
Anything the body is able to detect by means of receptors |
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Receptors |
Peripheral nerve endings of sensory nerves that respond to stimuli |
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Sclera |
White of the eye, though fibrous tissue protects the eye; helps maintain the shape of the eyeball |
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Choroid |
Middle layer of eye, under sclera; nonreflective pigment makes it dark and opaque and prevents light from reflecting within the eye |
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Retina |
Focuses an image for recording; inside layer of the eyeball; contains rods and cones |
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Rods |
Sensitive to light; permit seeing color such as dim or dark surroundings |
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Cones |
Sensitive to color; permits us to see different colors; function on in well- lighted areas |
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Optic disc |
Referred to as the blind spot where there are no rods or cones in the retina |
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Lens |
Bends (refracts) images onto the retina |
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Iris |
The color part of the eye; muscles that adjusts the pupil to allow varying amounts of light to enter the eye |
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Pupil |
Dark portion of the eye; the center of the iris that opens and closes to allow varying amounts of light to enter the eye; bright light causes it to be smaller permitting less light to enter; darkness causes it to dilate (enlarge) to allow more light to enter |
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Cornea |
Transparent extension of the sclera inforont of the pupil; an abnormality shaped cornea causes vision to become blurred and may result in astigmatism |
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Conjunctiva |
Lines inner surface of the eyelids and covers the anterior surface of the sclera |
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Lacrimal glands |
Located In lower eyelid; secrete tears to moisten and cleanse the surface of the eye |
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Anterior chamber |
Space between the cornea and the iris; filled with clear, salty fluid called aqueous humor; maintains the curvature of the cornea and assists in refraction |
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Posterior chamber |
Space between the iris and lens; space behind the lens; filled with vitreous humor, a jelly-like substance; aids in refraction and maintains the shape of the eyeball |
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Myopia |
When the images focuses in front of the retina; nearsightedness; objects seen clearly only when close to the eye; about 11 million Americans are affected; treated with glasses or contacts or radial keratotomy |
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Hyperopia |
When images focuses behind the retina; farsightedness |
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Age-Related Macular Degeneration: |
disease affecting the macul a small central point of light-sensing retina in the back of the eye: alterscenter of the visual field gradual loss of centrał vision: result of damage to the blood vessels supplying the retina |
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Amblyopia: |
"lazy eye", most prevalent in children, loss of one eyes abilityto see details |
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Arcus Senilis: |
thin grayish-white arc or circle not quite at the edge of thecornea; accompanies the normal aging process |
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Blepharitis: |
inflammation of the eyelids |
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Cataract |
gradual development of opacity (cloudiness) over the lens; pupiturns from black to milky white; treatment includes wearing sunglassesand surgery to remove the lens |
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Conjunctivitis: |
pinkeye, inflammation of the conjunctiva, caused by infection |
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Corneal Abrasion: |
scratch or trauma to the cornea |
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Corneal Ulcer: |
acute disease causing a break in the cornea |
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Diabetic Retinopathy |
form of vascular retinopathy from juvenile or adultdiabetes; approximately 75% of patients with juvenile diabetes developthis within 20 years after onset, leading cause of blindness in adults |
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Glaucoma: |
excessive intraocular pressure resulting in atrophy of the opticnerve; causes severe visual impairment and eventually blindness; 2 types |
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Open-angle: |
symptoms are insidious (gradual), bacterial and often not recognized until late in the disease; include mild aching loss of peripheral vision, seeing halos around light and difficulty seeingnight or in the dark; drainage angle is wide but the circulating aqueous humor cannot drain due to blockage |
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Closed-angle: |
pain and redness of the affected eye with pressurepupil is moderately dilated and nonreactive to light treatment includesaggressive drug therapy and peripheral iridotomy (laser removal ofthe iris) |
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Hordeolum stye; |
localized infection of the eyelid |
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Iritis. |
inflammation of the iris |
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Presbyopia: |
inability of the lens to accommodate for near vision, part of the normal aging process, difficulty seeing small print, caused by loss of elasticity of the lens, treated with glasses or contacts |
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Ptosis: |
drooping of the upper-eyelid |
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Retinal Detachment: |
separation of the retina from the choroid layer ofthe eyeball |
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Strabismus: |
condition where one eye deviates with the gaze inward or outward and higher or lower than the other eye |
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Outer Ear: |
vibrations are picked up and directed to the middle ear#Pinna/auricle outer ear collects sound wave#External auditory canal-transports sound wave to eardrum#Tympanic membrane/eardrum- turns sound wave into vibration |
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inner Ear: |
continue vibrations to auditory nerve #Vestibule - receives vibrations from stapes, send to cochlea #Cochlea -coils, contains the organ of Corti that transmit impulses to the auditory nerve #Semicircular canals - responsible for maintaining equilibriurm |
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Electronstagmography (ENG): |
special exam evaluating balance function |
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): |
MRI of brain with special emphasison the inner ear, used to identify pathology |
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Auditory Canal Obstruction: |
anything in the ear canal occluding theopening, usually cerumen (ear wax) treatment is removal of obstruction |
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Hearing Loss: |
reduced ability to hear Presbycusis - gradual loss of hearing due to natural aging |
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Motion Sickness: |
occurs when engaged in activities involving movementcharacterized by loss of equilibrium, perspiration, headache, nausea, andvomiing due to irregular motion, caused by excessive stimulation of theinner ear receptors or confusion in the brain between visual stimulus andmovement |
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Otitis Externa: |
infection of the external auditory canal |
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Otitis Media: |
infection or inflammation of the middle ear |
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Otosclerosis: |
most common cause of conductive hearing loss; formation of spongy-bone immobilizes the stapes |
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Olfactory organ: |
enables sense of smell; located in top of nasal cavity |
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Epistaxis: |
nosebleed, treatment is to apply pressure for up to 10minutes elevating the head compression of nostrils application ofice or cold compress prevention of swallowing biood; advancedtreatment includes epinephrine-saturated cotton on gauze placed inside followed by cauterization for anterior bieeds or insertion of anasal balloon for posterior bleeds |
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Nasal Polyps: |
benign growth of tissue in either nostril |
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Rhinitis |
runny nose: a reaction to airborne allergens |
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Buccal |
pertaining to or adjacent to the cheek |
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Salivary glands: |
produce moisture in the form of saliva |
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Candidiasis: thrush; |
fungal infection of mucous membranes of mouth andthroat |
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Glossitis: |
inflammation of the tongue |
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Oral Cancer: |
cancer of the mouth increased significantly in recent yearscaused may be from smokeless forms of tobacco and alcohol ingestion |
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