Lesson 9

Front 1

Diversion

Back 1

in the criminal justice system refers to any program, procedure, or practice that partly or entirely deals with criminal activity outside of the formal criminal justice system (Griffiths, 2015).

Front 2

Labelling Theory

Back 2

focuses on the impact of labels (e.g., criminal, ex-convict, inmate) on individuals and how the stigma that results from some labels can limit prosocial integration and opportunities.

Front 3

stigmatizing shame and reintegrative shame

Back 3

. Both forms of societal reaction are described below:

Front 4

Conditional Discharge

Back 4

EG: Todd is given a conditional discharge by his sentencing judge and receives a mandatory period of probation.

Front 5

Suspended Sentence

Back 5

EG: Sir Alfred receives a suspended sentence with a mandatory period of incarceration from the sentencing judge.

Front 6

Intermittent Sentence

Back 6

EG: Brenda is given an intermittent sentence of 60 days – she will serve her jail time on weekends and when she is in the community during the week she will follow the conditions of a probation order.

Front 7

pre-employment training model

Back 7

. That is, if you are interested in becoming a probation officer, you would complete your own academic training (i.e., College Diploma, Bachelor of Arts degree), apply for a position in your respective province and, if hired, you would then complete a training program administered by the provincial correctional services

Front 8

presentence report (PSR)

Back 8

refers to a report that is intended to outline the background of the offender as well their level of risk and specific treatment need to assist a judge in determining the most appropriate sentence.

Front 9

Risk assessment

Back 9

refers to an evaluation or investigation process designed to accomplish two things: (1) characterize the risk that an individual will commit a crime or violent act in the future; and (2) develop strategies to manage or reduce that risk (Hart, 1998)

Front 10

Static risk factors

Back 10

refer to historical characteristics of the offender, such as a prior criminal record or the age at which an offender committed their first violent offence, that predict future re-offending.

Front 11

Dynamic risk factors

Back 11

refer to characteristics of an offender that contribute to their risk but are changeable. For example, criminal attitudes predict future re-offending but rehabilitative programming can change an offender’s attitudes.

Front 12

actuarial risk assessment measure

Back 12

is a decision-making survey that follows fixed or explicit rules for identifying the presence of risk factors and assigning an overall level of risk.

Front 13

intermediate sanction

Back 13

is a term used to describe a wide range of correctional programs that generally fall between probation and incarceration. These are sanctions that have been developed in response to criticisms that the justice system is either too lenient or too harsh on offenders (Morris & Tonry, 1991). Simply put, the purpose of an intermediate sanction is to provide an alternative to incarceration that still allow for increased control and supervision in the community.

Front 14

In a theoretical continuum

Back 14

of sanctions, as shown below in Figure 9.1, an intermediate sanction is intended to fit in between the use of probation and incarceration.

Front 15

shock’ deterrence

Back 15

refers to programs that are typically used with young offenders and aimed at providing a brief but intense glimpse into the criminal justice experience

Front 16

Rational Choice Theory,

Back 16

offenders are rational decision-makers with free will. Crime is the result of a decision-making process wherein offenders weigh the potential rewards and costs associated with any activity. As such, deterrence strategies should focus on increasing potential costs associated with criminal activity.

Front 17

Boot Camp

Back 17

programs are shock deterrence programs based on a militaristic model wherein the program participants earn privileges and responsibility are subject to drills and strict discipline.

Front 18

Scared Straight

Back 18

program refers to a deterrent or juvenile awareness program in which at-risk youth visit a correctional facility where they are then confronted by inmate volunteers with stories about the realities of prison.

Front 19

Intensive Supervision Probation

Back 19

(ISP) is another intermediate sanction that situates itself between traditional probation and incarceration by increasing the conditions and supervision experienced by offenders on probation.

Front 20

Electronic Monitoring (EM)

Back 20

refers to a correctional strategy that involves placing an offender under community supervision and then using electronic equipment to ensure that the conditions of supervision are fulfilled