Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Eric Cohen
|
developed 4 different types of tourists/tourist roles
1. organized mass tourist 2. individual mass tourist 3. explorer 4. drifter |
|
|
organized mass tourist
|
one extreme
tour-package vacation westernized accomodations least adventurous high familiarity --> minimum novelty |
|
|
individual mass tourist
|
most prevalent type
does not travel as part of a tour group trip not enitrely pre-planned sees well known sites familiarity still dominant but higher novelty |
|
|
explorer
|
arranges his own trip
travels alone or with 1 other person visits unusual sites still looks for comfortable accomodations and reliable transportation novelty dominates --> familiarity suppressed |
|
|
drifter
|
other exteme
totally seperate from tourist establishment "going native" immerses himself in the host culture considers the ordinary tourist experience "fake" novelty at its highest and familiarity at its lowest |
|
|
Valene Smith
|
distinguished 7 types of tourists based on the extent to which they adapt local norms and numbers (how many of them)
|
|
|
tourist role preference scale
|
structure/independence (dependence vs. autonomies)
familiarity/strangeness (familiarity vs. novelty) stimulation/tranquility (order vs. disorder) |
|
|
general trends
|
rising standards of living
changes in population age composition increasing levels of education attainment better communication increased awareness of other countries "shrinking of the world" |
|
|
characteristics affecting choice of tourist role
|
stage in the family life cycle
stage in the individual life cycle socioeconomic status cultural self confidence and cultural distance |
|
|
stage in the family life cycle
|
presence and age of children
1. families with young children spend vacations visiting friends and relatives or don't travel at all 2. adventure and education travel are popular among families |
|
|
stage in the individual life cycle
|
stability and change in patterns of tourist role preference
growth market for tourism = seniors (over 65) and semi-seniors (over 55) increasing amounts of people are not part of the traditional family life cycle |
|
|
socioeconomic status
|
income (positive relationship between income and travel - almost half of all vacation and pleasure trips comes from households in the top 5th of the income scale)
education (broadens people's ideas, strongly correlated with income and occupation, increases cultural self-confidence and cultural distance) |
|
|
cultural distance
|
extent to which the tourist wants his environment to be familiar when traveling
deeper immersion in the local culture (aka: life seeking tourism) |
|
|
travel and people with disabilities
|
in the US approx. 50 million people with disabilities
needs must be met by the tourism industry americans with disabilities act (1990) society for accessible travel and hospitality |
|
|
society for accesible travel and hospitality
|
goals are:
1. raise awareness of the needs of people with disabilities as it relates to travel 2. expand travel opportunites 3. remove social and physical barriers |
|
|
trends affecting choice of tourist roles
|
1. emergence of travel groups
2. a change from relaxation to activity |
|
|
social (subsidized) tourism
|
a type of tourism practiced by those who would not be able to meet the cost without social intervention
determined by need travel outside of the community |
|
|
common barriers/constraints to travel
|
cost
lack of time health limitations family life cycle stage lack of awareness/interest fear and safety |
|
|
what motivates tourists to choose different types of travel?
|
answers can be found in:
1. history and literature 2. market research 2. psychological theory |
|
|
motivations from literature
|
travel writers
1. Chaucer's canterbury tales (story of pilgrimage) 2. Marco Polo's account of the discovery of Cathay 3. today's writers = paul theroux, peter mayle, bill bryson |
|
|
motivations from history
|
escape (roman/athenian)
cultural curiosity (the grand tour) spirituality (pilgrimages - middle ages) education (the grand tour) social status (roman/athenian and mid 19th century travel "keeping up with the jones'") |
|
|
motivations form market research
|
surveys look at traveler's satisfaction levels with attractions, services, transportation, etc. (do not really explain travel behavior)
|
|
|
motivations from psychological theory
|
competence
love and affection tension reduction intellectual stimulation |
|
|
psychological theories used in understanding leisure and tourism
|
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Csikszentmihali's concept of flow Berlyne's concept of optimal level of stimulation Iso-ahola's concept of seeking and escaping |
|
|
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
|
Base = physiological
2. safety and security 3. love and belongingness 4. self esteem Tip = self actualization (peak experience) |
|
|
Csikszentmihali's concept of flow
|
peak experience
when challenge and activity/behavior are in balance so engrossed in the experience you are taking part in, you forget to eat/drink/sleep |
|
|
Iso-ahola's concept of seeking and escaping
|
individuals SEEK different levels of stimulation
individuals AVOID or ESCAPE over stimulation |
|
|
travel needs model
(aka: travel career ladder) |
based on previous travel experience
people's motivations are likely to be higher or lower according to Maslow's hierarchy more experienced travelers are concerned with higher level needs |
|
|
travel career
|
like any other career or occupation people start at different levels based on experience, skills, and personality
people are likely to change levels during their life cycle at different times in the life cycle people will be inhibited by money, health, and other people |
|
|
Plog's continuum
|
allocentric = adventurous type
mid-centric = most of the population psychocentric = least adventurous ** Plog links each of these personality types with stages in the destination life cycle |
|
|
intrinsic motivation
|
no apparent reward other than the activity itself
time passes quickly percieve the experience as more enjoyable |
|
|
extrinsic motivation
(aka: achievement motivation) |
external reward, competence, and social recognition
time passes slowly may not enjoy the experience as much |
|
|
motivational profile
|
can be used to predict how well destination characteristics will fit the needs of the traveler
|
|
|
destination-motivation fit
|
the better the destination matches the needs of the tourist, the higher the customer satisfaction and the higher the likelihood of repeat visits
|
|
|
push and pull factors
|
push factors = motivation
pull factors = destination attributes |
|
|
pull factors
|
no longer sufficient to have the basics (good hotels and efficient transportation system)
to be a successful destination you need attractions and activities that are somewhat unique |
|
|
destinations
|
often provide more than one type of tourism experience
must provide diverse experience to be successful |
|
|
attributes of a destination can be . . .
|
natural
arts, music, and crafts industry and business agriculture education food and drink sports |
|
|
Uluru, Australia attributes
|
sunrise and sunset
the Monolith (big red rock) aboriginal culture the Olgas national park climbing Uluru (dangerous, seen as a challenge, against wishes of locals) |
|
|
tourism and the environment
(positives) |
provides funds for conservation
preserves culture and history sets sustainable use limits protects natural attractions |
|
|
tourism and the environment
(negatives) |
can destroy vegetation
can create overcrowding can lead to increased amounts of litter can pollute beaches can result in over building can create housing problems can ignore the needs and lifestyles of local people carbon footprint |
|
|
3 pillars of sustainability
|
environmental
economic sociocultural **interdependent and mutually reinforcing |
|
|
other words for eco-tourism
|
nature based tourism
green tourism soft tourism sustainable tourism |
|
|
third world eco-tourism destinations
|
Rwanda mountain gorilla project (most successful and popular eco-tourism project)
Costa Rica (60% of visitors are interested in seeing national parks) Ecuador's Galapagos Islands (recieved 50,000 visitors in 1990) |
|
|
sponsors of eco-tours
|
world wildlife fund
the smithsonian nature conservancy the sierra club |
|
|
benefits of true eco-tourism
|
provides jobs and income for local people
generates funds for improving and protecting natural areas provides environmental education for visitors encourages heritage and environmental preservation and enhancement |
|
|
dangers and limitations of eco-tourism
|
financial benefits MUST be shared with locals (they rely on the environment for their livelihood)
need to keep maximum visitation levels (other visitation will destroy what the tourists have come to see) |
|
|
paradox of eco-tourism
|
as eco-tourism becomes more popular, more people are visiting environmentally fragile destinations thereby contributing to their destruction rather than preserving them
|
|
|
read ASTA's 10 commandments
|
textbook pages 491-492
|
|
|
3 R's of the traveler's responsibility (Australia)
|
1. Relationship = indigenous people's relationship and connection to the land
2. Responsibility = responsibility to travel thoughtfully 3. Respect aboriginal beliefs associated with country and culture |
|
|
industry case studies for eco-tourism
|
hyatt hotels
florida green lodging initiative delta/northwest united airlines disney sea world sheraton hotels |
|
|
debt for nature swaps
|
used to finance or enlarge existing natural areas
conservation agencies (ex:WWF) offer to pay part of a country's debt in return for protecting certain areas leads to creation of new national parks or expansion of existing ones |
