Lehne: Pharmacology Adn1 Test 3-Chapter-8-Individual Variation In Drug Responses

Front 1

• In order to maximize beneficial drug responses and minimize harm, we must:

Back 1

adjust therapy to account for sources of individual variation.

Front 2

• Dosage adjustments made to account for size are often based on:

Back 2

body surface area, rather than simply on body weight.
• As a rule, small patients need smaller doses than large patients need.

Front 3

• Kidney disease can:

Back 3

decrease drug excretion, thereby causing drug levels to rise.
To prevent toxicity, drugs that are eliminated by the kidneys should be given in reduced dosage.

Front 4

• Liver disease can:

Back 4

decrease drug metabolism, thereby causing levels to rise.
To prevent toxicity, drugs that are eliminated by the liver should be given in reduced dosage.

Front 5

• When a patient becomes tolerant to a drug:

Back 5

the dosage must be increased to maintain beneficial effects.

Front 6

• Pharmacodynamic tolerance results from:

Back 6

adaptive changes that occur in response to prolonged drug exposure. Pharmacodynamic tolerance increases the MEC of a drug.
• (MEC) is defined as:
the plasma drug level below which therapeutic effects will not occur.

Front 7

• Pharmacokinetic tolerance results from:

Back 7

accelerated drug metabolism.
Pharmacokinetic tolerance does not increase the MEC.
• (MEC) is defined as:
the plasma drug level below which therapeutic effects will not occur.

Front 8

• Metabolic tolerance is defined as:

Back 8

tolerance resulting from accelerated drug metabolism.

Front 9

Tachyphylaxis is not a common mechanism of drug tolerance.
Tachyphylaxis is defined as:

Back 9

a form of tolerance that can be defined as a reduction in drug responsiveness brought on by repeated dosing over a period of short time.
• Unlike pharmacodynamic and metabolic tolerances, which take days to develop, tachyphylaxis occurs quickly.

Front 10

placebo is:

Back 10

a preparation that is devoid of intrinsic pharmacologic activity. The primary use of the placebo is as a control preparation during clinical trials.

Front 11

• A placebo effect is defined as:

Back 11

the component of a drug response that can be attributed to psychologic factors, rather than to direct physiologic or biochemical actions of the drug.
Solid proof that most placebo effects are real is lacking.

Front 12

• Bioavailability refers to:

Back 12

the ability of a drug to reach the systemic circulation from its site of administration.

Front 13

Differences in bioavailability matter most for drugs that:

Back 13

have a narrow therapeutic range.

Front 14

Pharmacogenomics is:

Back 14

the study of how genes affect individual drug responses.
Alterations in the genes that code for drug-metabolizing enzymes can result in increased or decreased metabolism of many drugs.
• Genetic variations can alter the structure of drug receptors and other target molecules and can thereby influence drug responses.

Front 15

• Race is a poor predictor of drug responses. What really matters is not race, but rather:

Back 15

the specific genetic variations and psychosocial factors shared by some group members that can influence drug responses.

Front 16

• Poor patient adherence is a major source of:

Back 16

individual variation.