Lectures Test 3- Memory & Cognition

Front 1

Retrieval Cue

Back 1

Can be info in a sensory store or STS that automatically makes contact with matching info in LTS
-Any time info is generated in STS or enters a sensory store, that info acts as a retrieval cue
-It will arouse matching info in LTS which, if sufficiently aroused, will become consciously available to person

Front 2

Factors that Effect Retrieval Cue's Effectivenss
(1)- Match of Cue Trace

Back 2

The extent to which the info in the cue matches the info in the memory trace
--The more the info in the cue matches the info in the target trace, the more likely the retrieval will be successfull

Front 3

State Dependent Remembering

Back 3

Memory is better when a person is in the same physiological state at both the time of learning and retrieval

Front 4

Factors that Effect Retrieval Cue's Effectiveness
(2)-

Back 4

The number of memories in LTS that match
--The more memory traces there are in LTS that match the cue, the more difficult it will be to activate any 1 of them

Front 5

Cue Overload

Back 5

Involves a retrieval cue causing forgetting by matching too much competing info in memory
Explains:
Proactive Interference
Retroactive Interference

Front 6

Factors that Effect Retrieval Cue's Effectiveness
(3)-

Back 6

The number of memories a cue has already retrieved
--The more memories a cue has already retrieved the harder it will be to retrieve additional memories
(eg) Trying to retrieve name of old friend & mistakenly retrieve wrong name-Even though you know names wrong, you'll have harder time retrieving correct name
BROWN- When extraneous word was related but incorrect, the %correct decreased, RT increased - (Output Interference)

Front 7

3 Factors Effects
Anderson & Pichert

Back 7

-passage read - some subjects told to listen from perspective of burglar
-Subjects asked to write down as much of story as remembered--Then asked to recall again but from perspective of homebuyer--Increased ability to recall info that had not been previously remembered
--Remembered more info after perspective shift--

Front 8

3 Factors Effects
Craik & Birtwistle

Back 8

-read & immediately free recall 5 lists of 15 words each
-Each list had words from same conceptual cateogory--Recalled fewer words on each successive list
--As more lists were memorized, retrieval cue matched more & more words & became more overloaded & less effective
Experimental Condition:
-last list was from different conceptual category-Recall of last list rebounded to level of 1st list--Use of retrieval cue that is not overloaded

Front 9

3 Factors Effects
Smith

Back 9

-list of 49 words-7 words from 7 categories-Use category name to recall words from that category
-The later in the recall period a cateogy cue was provided, the fewer words they could recall
-Act of recalling info from study interfered with ability to recall additional words from list-->
Output Interference-3rd retrieval factor-A cue is becoming less effective the more it is used

Front 10

Short Term Store

Back 10

Equivalent to Consciousness
-Anything that a person is conscious of should therefore be in the STS
-Info can enter consciousness by being sufficiently activated in LTS

Front 11

Revised Model of Memory

Back 11

Because of close connection between Sensory Store & LTS and LTS & STS
STS is activated subset of info in LTS
-STS contains same info in LTS only an aroused form
(a)Info-visual, auditory...
(b)Semantic

Front 12

Capacity of Short Term Store

Back 12

Serial Position Curve to measure capacity
-performance in asymptote(middle) reflects info retrieved just from LTS
-Recency (last) Region represents info from both STS and LTS
Capacity of STS-subtracting memory performance based on asymptote from that based on recency region = 2 items
Difficulty--Negative Recency

Front 13

Negative Recency Effect

Back 13

When free recall is delayed so that memory is based entirely on retrieval from LTS, memory for the last few words is unusually low
Capacity of STS = 2-3 familiar units

Front 14

Units for Measuring Capacity of STS

Back 14

CHUNKS-A unified representation in memory that results when a series of individual components have become associated together
-Can be formed when we repeatedly encounter a series of stimuli in close succession

Front 15

Glanzer & Razel (chunks)

Back 15

Chunks were appropriate unit for measuring STS capacity
-Presented 15 familiar proverbs-Using recency effect found that STS Capacity=2.2 proverbs

Front 16

2 Fates of Info in STS

Back 16

(1)Decay-when you stop paying attention to something its activation level decays in the LTS so you stop being conscious of it
(2)Displacement-new info bumps out existing info in consciousness

Front 17

Evidence for Displacement

Back 17

Glanzer
-12 word lists-free recall
-Just before recall,2 or 6 distracter words were presented at 2 or 6sec rate
--# of words is more important than rate of presentation--Displacement is more important then decay

Front 18

Selective Attention & Schizophrenia

Back 18

Helps protect us from having contents of STS displaced by new info
-Schizophrenics are highly susceptible to displacement
-Distraction had small effect on pre-recency effect-Had Detrimental Effect on Schizophrenia

Front 19

Duration--STS

Back 19

Info will stay in STS until:
(a)Stop paying attention to it so its level of activation decays
(b)Encounters 2 or 3 other stimuli that displace the info

Front 20

Short Term Memory vs. Short Term Store

Back 20

Short Term Memory is a strategy--Use it when we're trying to keep as much info as possible in a highly available state
-Not as fixed or rigid--More Flexible

Front 21

Characteristics of Short Term Memory

Back 21

Uses both short term store & long term store
-Proactive interference is LTS phenomenon so we know LTS is involved

Front 22

STM Rehearsal - 2 Forms

Back 22

Start learning rehearsal at 8yrs
(1)Maintenance--Involves rote repetition-Doesn't improve persons ability to recall info the longer its rehearsed-Primarily used with STM Task
(2)Elaborative--Attends to meaning of stimulus-More active and effortful than maintenance-Benefits Long Term memory

Front 23

STM Capacity

Back 23

Affected by age, practice with a test, and type of test
DIGIT SPAN--7-Varies with age
CAPACITY--7 + or - 2
-Any technique that allows a person to increase the size of their chunks will raise digit span