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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2 classes of nitrogenous base:
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purine
pyrimidines |
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purine characteristics:
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double ringed structure
adenine guarine |
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pyrimidine characteristics:
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single ringed structure
cytosine thymine uracil |
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where is thymine?
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in DNA only
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where is uracil?
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in RNA only
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what are nucleic acids?
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polymers
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what are polymers?
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monomers
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what are monomers?
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nucleotides
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what are connected together to form a nucleic acid?
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nucleotides
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1st base pair rule:
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purine is always across from a pyrimidine
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2nd base pair rule:
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both adenine and thymine/uracil can make 2 H bonds
where as cytosine and guanine make 3 H bonds |
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DNA is called a (2 strands)
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double helix
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DNA structure was determined by:
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watson and crick
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what award did watson and crick win?
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nobel prize
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when did watson and crick win that award?
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1960
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what does "Copy of the DNA" mean?
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heredity material
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what serves as a template for a new DNA strand made in replication?
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original strand (old strand)
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what is complementary to the old strand in DNA replication?
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the new strand
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how does RNA differ from DNA?
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DNA
1. double-stranded 2. thymine 3. deoxyribose 4. one kind RNA 1. single stranded 2. uracil 3. ribose 4. three kinds |
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three types of RNA are:
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mRNA
tRNA rRNA |
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tRNA stands for
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transfer RNA
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mRNA stands for
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messenger RNA
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rRNA stands for
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ribosomal RNA
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what are the three letters for the start codon?
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AUG
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what are the three letters for the stop codon?
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UGA
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what is transcription?
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DNA to RNA
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where does transcription occur?
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in the nucleus
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what is the first step of transcription?
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DNA helicase attaches to one site only; untwist and unzips at one section of DNA
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what is the name of the one section where the DNA helicase untwists and unzips in transcription?
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gene
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what is the second step of transcription?
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free RNA nucleotides H bond to their complementary DNA nucleotide on one strand only
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what is the name of the strand where the complementary DNA nucleotide H bonds to?
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non-sense strand
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what is the third step of transcription?
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RNA polymerase connects adjacent RNA monomers by phosphodiester bonds to form RNA strand
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what is the fourth step of transcription?
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RNA strand lifts off the DNA and floats into the nucleoplasm; eventually this will leave the nucleus through the nuclear pores into the cytoplasm where it will be used in translation
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what is the fifth step of transcription?
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DNA srand is re-exposed and new RNA nucleotides can bind with it to make additional RNA strands
ie one gene makes many RNA strands at one time |
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how many steps are there in protein synthesis?
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2
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what are the 2 steps in protein synthesis?
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transcription and translation
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what is translation?
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RNA to protein
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where does translation occur?
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in the cytoplasm
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what is one of the functions of the nucleus?
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to control the activities of the cell
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what is DNA in the form of during replication and transcription?
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chromatin
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what is DNA in the form of during mitosis/meiosis?
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chromosomes
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how does chromatin become chromosomes?
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through DNA supercoiling
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what are the 5 steps of supercoiling?
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1. double helix
2. double helix becomes a string of nucleosomes 3. chromatin fiber 4. looped domains 5. supercoiled chromosome |
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how main pairs of chromosomes do humans have?
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23 pairs
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how many pairs of chromosomes do goldfish have?
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48 pairs
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what's the first part of the cell cycle called?
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interphase
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what's the second part of the cell cycle called?
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mitosis
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whats mitosis?
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the division of the nucleus
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what are the four steps of mitosis?
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PMAT
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whats PMAT stand for?
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prophase
metaphase anaphase telophase |
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whats the purpose of G1
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overall growth
make new organelles some cells stay |
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what are the cells that stay in G1
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red blood cells, neuron, muscle cells, xylem
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whats the purpose of S
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DNA replication
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whats the purpose of G2
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proteins which will make spindle fibers
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what are the characteristics of G1
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nuclear envelope is intact
nucleolus is intact DNA is a chromatin |
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what are the characteristics of S
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nuclear envelope is intact
nucleolus is intact DNA is a chromatin DNA replicates to form chromatids |
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what are the characteristics of G2
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nuclear envelope is intact
nucleus is intact DNA is a chromatin proteins used to make spindle fibers at the poles of the cell |
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what are the characteristics of prophase?
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nuclear envelope disappears
nucleolus disappears DNA supercoils into chromosomes spindle fibers assemble |
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what are the characteristics of metaphase?
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the centromeres with their kinetochores align on the equator
spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores |
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what are the characteristics of anophase?
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spindle fibers pull chromatids to opposite poles of the cell
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what are the characterisitics of telophase/cytokinesis
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nuclear envelope reappears
nucleolus reappears DNA uncoils into chromatin spindle fibers disassemble divide cytoplasm; a cell plate forms to divide the cytoplasm into 2 cells |
