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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Fluid part of the blood:
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Plasma
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What does plasma consist of:
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Albumin
Globulin Fibrinogen (clotting) |
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Primary site of blood formation:
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Bone Marrow
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Types of Blood Cells:
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WBC
RBC Platletes |
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Complex formation and maturation of blood cells:
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Hematopoiesis
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Normal amount of blood in the human body:
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5-6 Liters
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What does blood carry:(5)
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O2
Nutrients Hormones Antibodies Waste Products |
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What are the function of Erythrocytes:
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Carry O2
Rid CO2 |
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What % is hemaglobin;
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95%
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Immature form of RBCs
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Reticulocytes
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What are 2 examples of Reticulocytes:
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Anemia
Sickle Cell |
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What is the term for production of Blood cells:i
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Erythropoiesis
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Hormone that is produced by the kidneys in response to low O2 levels:
(chronic kidney disease) |
Erythropoietin
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What can cause stem cells to differentiate:
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Erythropoietin
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What does production of blood require:(5)
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Iron
B12 Folic Acid B6 Protein |
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What is the lifespan of a RBC
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120 days
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What can happen when erythrocytes are less elastic:
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CO2 can get trapped in blood vessels
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Where are erythrocytes broken down:
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Spleen
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What cells break down erythrocytes :
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Phagocytes
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What is an enlarged spleen a sign of:
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Abnormal Cell Depletion
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Pigment portion of blood:
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Bilirubin
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Where is Bilirubin excreted:
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in bile and through the urine
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What can elevated levels of Bilirubin indicate:
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Certain Diseases
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What type of cells, if you do not have enough, will you bleed:
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Thrombocytes
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Proteins in the blood consist of :
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Albumin
Globulin |
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Globulins made in the liver are:
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Clotting factors (fribrinogen)
Transporters (carry materials to make Fe) |
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Where is albumin Produced:
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Liver
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Blood protein that is important for maintenance of fluid balance within the vascular system
(cannot pass through capillary walls which holds fluid inside vessels) |
Albumin
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The process of prevention of blood loss and stoppage of bleeding:
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Homeostasis
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Clotting Factors and Materials: (3)
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Thrombin,
Prothrombin Fibrin |
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Term used for a consideration of the bone's marrows ability to respond is decreased, may result in leukopenia or anemia
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Gerontologic Considerations
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A Hematologic Disorder where the cells are produced defective:
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Qualitative
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A Hematologic Disorder where the cell numbers are either increased or decreased:
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Quantitative
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What is the best way to find Hematologic Disorders:
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Lab Work
(few symptoms so lab work must be thoroughly analyzed) |
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What does Differential Hematologic Study Measure:
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Shows numbers of specific cells
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A smear that shows the appearance of the cells: (Shapes, sizes, and appearances)
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Peripheral Blood Smear
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What blood test shows an index rate of production of immature cells:
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Reticulocytes
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Blood test that shows the % of red cells as compared to the blood:
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Hematocrit
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If a person is dehydrated, they're Hematocrit % will
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Increase
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Blood test that shows The amount of O2 content in the blood:
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Hemaglobin
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An elevated WBC count is an indicator of:
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Infection
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What does Mean Corpuscular Volume mean: (MCV)
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Volume or Size of Red Cells
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What does Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) mean:
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Color of RBC; if not enough Fe, color will decrease
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2 tests that can assess the quality and quantity of the marrow and how cells are being formed, can also see infections or tumors:
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Biopsy and
Bone Marrow Aspiration |
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Where can Biopsy and Bone Marrow Aspiration be performed:
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Iliac Crest (hip bone)
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What are the steps of Biopsy and Bone Marrow Aspiration: (3)
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Local Anestheic
Nurse Positions Pt + Administers Med. Spot needs sterile dressing + pressure afterwards may ache for 2 days |
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Term used when hemoglobin concentration is lower than normal, or fewer erythrocytes, decreased amount of O2 delivered to tissue:
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Anemia
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Types of Anemia: (3)
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Hypoproliferative
Hemolytic Loss |
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Anemia that not enough blood is being produced, either not enough bone marrow, or not enough nutrients:
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Hypoproliferative
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What Causes hyproproliferative Anemia: (3)
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Marrow Damage
Lack of factors for production Chronic Illness |
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3 Types of Hypoproliferative Anemia:
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Fe Deficient
Megaloblastic Decreased Erythropoietin |
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Type of of Hypoproliferative Anemia that has a decrease in Iron
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Fe Deficient
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Type of of Hypoproliferative Anemia that is Folate or B12 deficient and causes large RBCs
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Megaloblastic
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Type of of Hypoproliferative Anemia that has a lighter color and may be smaller
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Decreased Erythopoietin
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Anemia that is classified as a destruction of cells, can be inherited:
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Hemolytic Anemia
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4 Types of Hemolytic Anemia
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Sickle Cell
Thalassemia Hyperspleenism Liver Disease, Infection, Autoimmune, Drug Induced, Mechanical Heart Valve |
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Type of Hemolytic Anemia that is genetic and hemoglobin defective, and has a sickle shape
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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What is a good way to find out if a pt has Anemia:
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Labs
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Which labs will show Anemia
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H&H
Reticulocyte Count (immature rbc) MCV RDW MCHC Iron Studies B12 Folate Erythropoietin CBC |
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What Are you Looking for with Anemia
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Weakness, Fatigue
Appearance Hx Nutritional Status Cardiac Status Respiratory Status GI System Menstration Neurological Assessment |
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What can happen to circulatory system with a pt with anemia:
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Heart pumps more due to less O2
Decreased Viscosity, more blood back to heart can cause murmur and cardiac failure |
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What can happen to children with anemia:
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Growth Retardation
Delayed Sexual Maturation |
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How does dairy and antacid effect hyproliferative iron deficiency anemia:
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Decreases Iron Absorption
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What are the primary symptoms of hyproliferative iron deficiency:
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Fatigue Palor Malaise
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What can happen if hyproliferative iron deficiency is prolonged:
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Smooth sore tongue
Brittle Ridges Nails Angular Cheilosis (cracked lip edges) Pica (craving abnormal stuff) |
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Diagnostics of hyproliferative iron deficiency: Hemoglobin
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low
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Diagnostics of hyproliferative iron deficiency:Ferritin (iron stores)
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low
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Diagnostics of hyproliferative iron deficiency:MCV
(Mean Corpuscular Volume) |
low (size of RBC become smaller)
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Diagnostics of hyproliferative iron deficiency:MCHC
(Mean Corpuscular Hemaglobin Concentration |
Low (refelcts color)
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Diagnostics of hyproliferative iron deficiency: TIBC
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high
(represents the protein that carries the iron, also referred as transferrin |
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Which vitamin helps with iron absorption
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Vit C
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How long will it take for HGB to increase:
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Few Weeks
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Foods High In Iron:
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Organ Meat (beef , liver)
Beans Leafy Greens Raisins Vit C to help absorption (citrus, juice, strawberries) |
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hypoproliferative Anemia which is b12 and folic acid deficiency:
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Megaloblastic
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How do you find out if someone has hypoproliferative megaloblastic anemia:
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High MCV levels
(Mean Corpuscular Volume) (RBC abnormally large wbc and platelets also abnormal |
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how does bone marrow show signs of hypoproliferative megaloblastic anemia:
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Shows increased amounts of abnormal cells
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term used for decrease in RBC, WBC, and Platelets
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Pancytopenia
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The fastest depleating Hypoproliferative megaloblastic anemia:
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Folic
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What foods can be eating for Hypoproliferative megaloblastic folic anemia:
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Green vegetables and liver
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what can increase folic acid requirements
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Alcohol
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A type of B12 deficiency anemia where the body lacks intrinsic factor
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Pernicious Anemia
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Intrinsic Factor is secreted by:
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Gastic Cells
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B12 is absorbed in the
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Ileum
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Hypoproliferative Anemia that may or may not show symptoms:
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B12
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what kind of test would you give someone who you expect to have Pernicious Anemia
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Schilling Test
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Hypoproliferative Anemia where WBC attack bone marrow and is replaced with fat:
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Aplastic Anemia
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how would you find out pt has Aplastic Anemia
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Bone Marrow Aspirate will show aplastic marrow (no cells) replaced with fat.
Low WBC RBC Platlets |
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How can aplastic anemia be treated:
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Marrow Transplant especially in children
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term used for a binding protein for hemoglobin
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Haptoglobin
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Term used for sickle cell anemia to where an area is clogged
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Sickle Cell Crisis
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Why does cold aggravate sickle cell anemia
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Vasoconstriction
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A new born sickle cell screening which is mandatory:
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Hemoglobin Electrophoresis
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chemo drug used to decrease permanent formation of sickled cells
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Hydroxyurea
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Antistickling properties and enhances nitric oxide (vasodialator)
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Arginine
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How will Sickle cell anemia increase risk for ulcers?
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circulation is decreased
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term used for decreased amount of hemoglobin
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hypochromia
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what type of anemia is hypochromia really noticed in
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Thalassemia
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Anemia that has abnormally high levels of RBCs
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Polycythemia
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What are pts with polycythemia at risk for
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Heart attack, Bleeding Stroke
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What are S/S of polycythemia (inc blood volume)
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Dizzyness, fatigue, blurred vision
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What are S/S of polycythemia (inc viscosity)
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Angina(chest pain)
Claudiction (cramp in leg) |
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what can the RBC counts be in polycythemia:
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>60%
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blood disordered where there is a decreaed number of leukocytes (WBCs)
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Leukopenia
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blood disordered where there is a decreaed number of neutrophils
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Neutropenia
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What do you look for when they have neutropenia
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Infection
CBC w different changes Look for Temp Changes >= 100.5*** call md**** |
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What intervention would you give to neutropenia:
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Antibiotics
If fever spikes, call md could be a new infection get new antibiotic |
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What are some neutropenic precautions:
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No Fresh: fruits, flowers, vegetables.
Private Room No invasive prodecudres (rectal) Pulmonary Hygiene (pneumonia) |
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a stem cell disorder in the bone marrow where increased platelet production:
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Thrombocythemia
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a stem cell disorder in the bone marrow where decreased platelet production:
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Thrombocytopenia
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what platelet level can bleeding occur
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below 50,000
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what platelet level can spontaneous bleeding occur (GI, Brain)
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<5000
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S/S of Thrombocytopenia
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Bleeding Burising
Headache- Brain Bleeding Bleeding from Mucosa |
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Interventions for Thrombocytopenia
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Goal to inc Platlet Count (30,000-50,000)
Temp Immunosupressant therapy (bring to macrophages before destroying platlets) |
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a group of bleeding disorders in which it takes a long time for the blood to clot.
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Hemophilia
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Treatments for Hemophilia
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Factor 8 + 9 available for infusion
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Hemophilia that is a genetic deficit in factor 8
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Hemophilia A
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Hemophilia A with a deficit in factor 9
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Hemophilia B
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What do you do during a bleeding episode with Hemophilia
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RICE
Rest Ice Compression Elevation |
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What are Acquired Coagulation Disorders
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Liver Disease
Vit K Deficient |
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Acquired Coagulation Disorders that is a hepatic dysfunction resulting in Deminisehed amounts of blood coagulant factors
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Liver Disease
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Acquired Coagulation Disorders common in malnourishment sometimes from antibiotics will be reflected on PT levels
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Vit K Deficiency
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how do you treat Acquired Coagulation Disorders
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Anticoagulant Therapy
Heparin and Coumadin Vit K |
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What INR number is too thin of blood
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>3.5
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Why is the spleen important to clotting?
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Where RBC are destroyed and Fe recycling
Holds Platlets Helps fight infections |
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Therapy for blood disorders where you can filter out what is not functioning correctly
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Apheresis
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Therapy where you remove excess blood usualy with Polycythemia:
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Phlebotomy
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What blood type do you only transfuse only in an emergency
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Type O
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Antigen present on 85% of population blood
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Rh Antigen +
(no antigen -) |
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What are the majority of reations due to in transfusions:
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WBCs (leukeocytes)
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What can do you to reduce the reactions in blood transfusions:
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Filtration to remove leukocytes
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What is the time window for transfusions:
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2-4 Hours
(will develop bacteria) |
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3 types of reactions in transfusions:
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Acute Hemolytic
Febrile Nonhemolytic Reaction Allergic Reation (plasma proteins) |
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most dangerous reaction to blood transfusion:
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Acute Hemolytic
(blood cells are destroyed) |
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transfusion complication where antibodies attack donor leukocytes:
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Febrile Nonhemolytic Reations (2 hr after infusion)
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transfusion complication where there is a sensitivity to plasma proteins:
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Allergic Reaction
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2 other transfusion complications:
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Circulatory Overload
Bacterial Contamination |
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transfusion complication where blood is transfused too fast:
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Circulatory Overload
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transfusion complication where blood products are contaminated:
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Bacterial Contamination
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*** Steps in Managing Transfusion
(7) |
Stop Blood IV Saline
Assess Call MD Notify Bank Send Blood to Bank Samples Document |
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Hemoglobin Levels Male
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13-18
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Hemoglobin Levels Female
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12-16
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HTC levels Male
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37-49
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HTC levels Female
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36-46
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WBC Levels
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4.5-11k
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Platlet Levels
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150-300k
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Coumadin (clotting Time
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PT
PTT INR |
