Lecture Exam For Skeletal System Of The Body

Front 1

Sutures of the Skull

Back 1

Lines/ connections between the external bones of the skull. These are classified as synarthrodial joints.

Front 2

Coronal suture

Back 2

This is the line between the frontal and the parietal bones

Front 3

Sagittal suture

Back 3

This is the line that divides the top of the head (the parietal bones) into right and left.

Front 4

Squamous Suture

Back 4

This is the line where the temporal and the parietal bones unite

Front 5

Lambdoid suture

Back 5

This is the line that unites the occipital with the parietal bones

Front 6

Frontosphenoid suture

Back 6

This is the line that unites the frontal bone with the sphenoid bone.

Front 7

Frontonasal

Back 7

This is the line between the frontal bone and the nasal bones

Front 8

Sphenoparietal suture

Back 8

This is the line between the sphenoid and the parietal bones. Side of the head and very small.

Front 9

Occiptomastoid Suture

Back 9

This is the line between the occipital bone and the mastoid on the temporal bone.

Front 10

Sphenosquamosal suture

Back 10

Basically a continuation of the squamus suture along the sphenoid bone.

Front 11

Synarthrosis joint classification

Back 11

These are unmovable joints. Bone surfaces are in almost direct contact, fastened by intervening mass of connective tissue. Examples are sutures, gomphosis (joint between teeth and bone), and synchondrosis (growth plates)

Front 12

Gomphosis

Back 12

A synarthrodial joint that is between teeth and bone.

Front 13

Synchondrosis

Back 13

Growth plate. A temporary synarthrodial joint that ossifies before adult life. The connecting medium is hyaline cartilage.

Front 14

Amphiarthrodial joints

Back 14

These are semi-movable joints. They have osseous surfaces that are either connected by fibrocarilage or ligaments. Some examples are symphysis (connected by fibrocartilage pad, pubic bone, between vertebra) and syndesmosis (these are connected by an interosseous ligament, ie between radius and ulna).

Front 15

Diarthrodial Joints

Back 15

These are movable joints, and are the most common. 4 main components: the articular cartilage (protects bony surfaces and assists in sliding), the joint capsule (boundary of the joint, a fibrous capsule, and provides stability and resistance), a synovial membrane (produces synovia, which lubricates, protects, and nourishes cartilage), and the Joint cavity. 6 major types

Front 16

Gliding (plane) Joint

Back 16

Arthrodia. Linear. This joint moves side-to-side or back and forth. ie acromioclavicular joint or intercapal joints

Front 17

Pivot Joints

Back 17

Trochoides. Uniaxial. Rounded process rotates within a ring. ie Atlanto-axial joint or the proximal and distal radioulnar joint.

Front 18

Hinge Joints

Back 18

Ginglymus. Uniaxial. Single plane movement (saggital). Concave-convex surfaces, and permit flexion and extension only. ie humeroulnar joint (elbow).

Front 19

Condyloid Joints

Back 19

Ellipsoid. Biaxial. Movement in 2 places: coronal and saggital. Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and circumduction. ie metacarpophalangeal joint.

Front 20

Saddle Joints

Back 20

Reciprocal Reception. Biaxial.Saddle shaped surfaces stacked on top of each other. Thumb joint

Front 21

Ball and Socket Joints

Back 21

Enarthrosis. Rounded convex ball with socket. Highly movable. ie. the hip and the shoulder.

Front 22

Acromioclavicular Joint

Back 22

This is the joint connecting the clavicle to the acromion of the shoulder. This is an amphiarthrodial joint. It consists of the joint capsule, the coracoclavicular ligament(which splits into the trapezoid ligament and the conoid ligament). This would be the joint involved in shoulder separation.

Front 23

Joint capsule of the acromioclavicular joint

Back 23

This is over the "neck" of the acromion.

Front 24

Coracoclavicular ligament of the acromioclavicular joint

Back 24

This ligament extends from the acromion of the scapula to the clavicle process. This is considered 2 separate ligaments, the Trapezoid ligament and the conoid ligament.

Front 25

Trapezoid ligament of the acromioclavicular joint

Back 25

This is the anterior lateral ligament extending from the coracoid to the clavicle.

Front 26

conoid ligament of the acromioclavicular joint

Back 26

This is posterior and medial ligament extending from the coracoid to the clavicle.

Front 27

Coracoacromial ligament

Back 27

This ligament closes the roof of the shoulder, and prevents the head of the humerus from moving upwards. Extends from the coracoid process to the acromion process.

Front 28

Transverse (suprascapular) ligament

Back 28

This ligament extend above the suprascapular notch.

Front 29

Glenohumeral Articulation

Back 29

This is a ball and socket joint (diarthrodial). This is where the glenoid fossa and the humerous articulate. This is the joint that would be involved in shoulder dilocation

Front 30

Glenoid labrum of the glenohumeral articulation

Back 30

This is around the glenoid itself within the glenoid fossa.

Front 31

Anatomy

Back 31

Study of the external and internal structures and the physical relationships between body parts. Provides clues for function.

Front 32

Physiology

Back 32

Study of function. Can be explained by underlying anatomy

Front 33

Microscopic Anatomy

Back 33

"fine anatomy." Deals with structures that cannot be seen without magnification. Has two specialties: Cytology and Histology.

Front 34

Cytology

Back 34

Analyzes internal structures of cells

Front 35

Histology

Back 35

Examines tissues (groups of cells)

Front 36

Gross Anatomy

Back 36

"Macroscopic Anatomy." Examines structures visible to the unaided eye. Three different approaches: Surface, Regional, and Systemic anatomy

Front 37

Surface anatomy

Back 37

Morphology, study of general form and superficial anatomical markings

Front 38

Regional anatomy

Back 38

Considers all superficial and internal features in specific area of the body. This emphasizes spatial relationships among structures.

Front 39

Systemic Anatomy

Back 39

Considers structure of major organ systems.

Front 40

Developmental Anatomy

Back 40

Examines changes in form between conception and physical maturity. Involves microscopic and gross anatomy. It is important in medicine because structural abnormalities can result during development.

Front 41

Embrology

Back 41

Study of the early development process

Front 42

Comparative Anatomy

Back 42

Compares anatomical organization of different animals.

Front 43

Clinical anatomy

Back 43

Anatomical features that may undergo recognizable pathological changes during illness

Front 44

Surgical Anatomy

Back 44

Anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedures

Front 45

Radiographic anatomy

Back 45

Anatomical structures visualized by x-rays and other specialized structures.

Front 46

Cross-sectional Anatomy

Back 46

Subspecialty of gross anatomy. Takes slices of parts of the body.

Front 47

Levels of Organization

Back 47

Chemical

Cellular

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism

Front 48

Homeostasis

Back 48

Unchanging or balance

Front 49

Vital properties of living organisms

Back 49

Responsiveness

Growth and differentiation

Reproduction

Movement

Metabolism and excretion

Front 50

Integumentary system

Back 50

Skin. Protection and temperature control

Front 51

Skeletal system

Back 51

Bones. Support, protection of soft tissue, mineral storage, and blood formation

Front 52

Muscular System

Back 52

Locomotion (ability to move), support, heat production.

Front 53

nervous system

Back 53

Directly immediate response to stimuli. Coordinates activities of systems

Front 54

Endocrine system

Back 54

Directs long-term changes in activities in other systems

Front 55

Cardiovascular system

Back 55

Internal transport of minerals, vitamins, molecules, and cells through the body.

Front 56

Lymphatic System

Back 56

Defense against infection

Front 57

Respiratory system

Back 57

Delivery of air to sites of exchange between air and circulating blood

Front 58

Digestive system

Back 58

Processing of food and absorption of nutrients

Front 59

Urinary system

Back 59

Elimination of excess water, salts, and waste. pH control.

Front 60

Reproductive System

Back 60

Production of sex cells and hormones.

Front 61

Anatomical landmarks

Back 61

Important bumps/grooves/markings on the anatomy

Front 62

Anatomical position

Back 62

Standing, legs together, feet flat, hands at side, palms facing forward.

Supine is facing up

Prone is facing down

Front 63

Abdominopelvic Quadrant

Back 63

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Front 64

Abdominopelvic Regions

Back 64

Upper Row: Hypochondriac, epigasteric, hypochondriac

Middle Row: Lumbar, Umbilical, Lumbar

Last Row: Inguinal, Hypogastric/Pelvic, Inguinal

Front 65

Lateral

Back 65

Away from the midline

Front 66

Medial

Back 66

Towards the midline

Front 67

Distal

Back 67

Away from the attached base

Front 68

Proximal

Back 68

Toward attached base

Front 69

Caudal

Back 69

Toward the tail

Front 70

Cephalic/ Cranial

Back 70

Toward the head

Front 71

Posterior/Dorsal

Back 71

Back/ behind

Front 72

Anterior/ Ventral

Back 72

Front/ Before

Front 73

Superficial

Back 73

At/ near the surface

Front 74

Deep

Back 74

Toward the interior of the body

Front 75

Superior

Back 75

Above

Front 76

Inferior

Back 76

Below

Front 77

Transverse plane

Back 77

Parallel to the ground

Front 78

Frontal Plane/ Coronal Plane

Back 78

Divides the body into anterior and posterior

Front 79

Sagittal plane

Back 79

Divides the body into right and left.

Midsagittal is directly through the midline

parasagittal is parallel to the midline

Front 80

Oblique Plane

Back 80

Divides the body at an angle

Front 81

Serial Reconstruction

Back 81

Process of developing an accurate and complete picture by choosing one sectional plane and making a series of sections at small intervals. Allows of analysis of relatively complex structures.

Front 82

Dorsal Cavity

Back 82

Contains the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity

Front 83

Ventral Cavity

Back 83

Contains the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs. Has 2 main cavities (that divide into more): the Thoracic cavity, and the Abdominopelvic cavity. They are separated by the diaphragm. The AP cavity is lined by the peritoneum.

Front 84

Thoracic Cavity

Back 84

Upper part of the Ventral body cavity. Contains the left and right pleural cavities(lungs), the pericardial cavity (heart), and the mediastinum (which is not a cavity).

Front 85

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Back 85

Split into the Abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity

Front 86

Pleura

Back 86

Serous membrane. Surrounds the pleural cavities which contains visceral pleura (outside of lung) and the parietal pleura (covers the opposing mediastinal surface and inner body wall)

Front 87

Pericardium

Back 87

Serous membrane. Surrounds the pericardial cavity which contains visceral pericardium (outside of heart) and the parietal pericardium (covers the opposing surfaces and inner body walls)

Front 88

Peritoneum

Back 88

Serous membrane. Surrounds the Peritoneum cavity, in the abdominopelvic cavity, which contains visceral Peritoneum (Directly against organs) and the parietal Peritoneum (covers the opposing surfaces and inner body walls)

Front 89

Cephalon

Back 89

Head

Front 90

Cranium

Back 90

Skull

Front 91

Frons

Back 91

Forehead

Front 92

Nasus

Back 92

nose

Front 93

Oculus

Back 93

Eye

Front 94

Auris

Back 94

Ear

Front 95

Bucca

Back 95

Cheek

Front 96

Cervicis

Back 96

neck

Front 97

Mentis

Back 97

chin

Front 98

Ortis

Back 98

Mouth

Front 99

Occipital

Back 99

Back of the head

Front 100

Thoracis

Back 100

Thorax

Front 101

Mamma

Back 101

Breast

Front 102

Abdomen

Back 102

Abdomen

Front 103

Umbilicus

Back 103

Belly button

Front 104

Pelvis

Back 104

pelvis

Front 105

Dorsum

Back 105

back

Front 106

Lumbus

Back 106

loins (lower back)

Front 107

Axilla

Back 107

armpit

Front 108

Brachium

Back 108

arm

Front 109

antecubitis

Back 109

front of the elbow

Front 110

antebrachium

Back 110

front of the forearm

Front 111

Carpus

Back 111

Carpals. Wrist.

Front 112

Palma

Back 112

Palm of hand

Front 113

Pollex

Back 113

Thumb

Front 114

Digits

Back 114

fingers/toes

Front 115

Manus

Back 115

Hand

Front 116

Acromial

Back 116

Shoulders

Front 117

Olecranon

Back 117

elbow

Front 118

Inguen

Back 118

Groin

Front 119

Pubis

Back 119

Pubic area

Front 120

Femur

Back 120

Thigh

Front 121

Patella

Back 121

knee (front)

Front 122

crus

Back 122

Front of the lower leg

Front 123

Tarsus

Back 123

Ankle/tarsals

Front 124

Glutus

Back 124

butt

Front 125

Popliteus

Back 125

Back of the knee

Front 126

Sura

Back 126

calf

Front 127

calconeus

Back 127

heel of foot

Front 128

Planta

Back 128

sole of the foot

Front 129

hallux

Back 129

Big toe

Front 130

Pes

Back 130

foot

Front 131

epithelium

Back 131

Sheet of cells that cover an exposed surface or lines an internal cavity or passage

Front 132

Gland cells

Back 132

Secrete and produce secretions. There are 2 types: Exocrine (secrete external to the body) and endocrine (secrete internally) glands

Front 133

Functions of epithelia tissue

Back 133

Provide physical protection. Control permeability. Produce specialized secretions.

Front 134

Maintenance of epithelial integrity

Back 134

Intercellular connections (CAMS-cell adhesion molecules), Attachment to basal lamina, and by cellular division (renewal of cells)

Front 135

Simple epithilium

Back 135

Single layer of cells over the basal lamina. Found in protected areas of the body, such as cavities, where secretion, absorption, or filtration occurs.

Front 136

Stratified epithilium

Back 136

2+ layers of cells of basal lamina. The height and shape of the cells may differ from layer to layer, but the shape of the most superficial layer is used to describe the cells. Found in areas of high chemical or mechanical stress (surface of the skin).

Front 137

Squamous Cells

Back 137

Thin, flat, irregular shape. Like a puzzle.

Simple is the most delicate epithelia in the body, and is mainly used for passive or active transport in protected areas, such as the lungs.

Stratified is found in severely mechanically stressed areas, such as skin.

Front 138

Mesothelium

Back 138

Simple Squamous cells. Lines the ventral body cavities

Front 139

Endothemlium

Back 139

Simple Squamous cells. Lines the heart and blood vessels.

Front 140

Cuboidal Cells

Back 140

-Hexagonal boxes.

-Stratified are rare to find, in sweat glands and mammary glands.

-Simple are in places for secretion and absorption (kidney tubules), but are limited in protection.

Front 141

Columnar Cells

Back 141

-Like columns.

-Simple provide slightly more protection than simple cuboidal cells and also are found in places of absorption and secretion.

-Stratified are rare, but they provide protection in places like the pharynx, urethra, and anus.

Front 142

Pseudostratified cells

Back 142

Different heights but only one layer of cells. Nasal cavity

Front 143

Transitional cells

Back 143

Able to distend or stretch. Changes from multiple layer to single layer as stretching occurs. Found in the bladder.

Front 144

Connective tissues

Back 144

Framework, transport, protect, store energy, and defend from invasion. 3 main types: Proper, Fluid, and Supporting, which then break down into sub categories.

Front 145

Connective tissue proper

Back 145

Has extracellular fibers, made of collagens, reticular, and elastic fibers, a viscous ground substance, and 2 classes of cells: fixed and wandering.

Front 146

Fixed cells

Back 146

These cells are stationary, involved with maintenance, repair, and energy storage. Includes fibroblasts, fibrocytes, mesenchymal, macrophages, adipocytes, and melanocytes.

Front 147

fibroblasts

Back 147

Very abundant type of fixed cells. Production of all connective tissue fibers and are always present.

Front 148

fibrocytes

Back 148

Fixed cells. Maintain connective tissue fibers and can differentiate into fibroblasts.

Front 149

mesenchymal

Back 149

Fixed cells. Respond to local injury or infection by dividing to produce daughter cells that differentiate into fibroblasts, macrophages, or other cells.

Front 150

fixed macrophages

Back 150

Fixed cells. Engulf dead/damaged cells or pathogens. When stimulated, they will release chemicals to the immune system.

Front 151

adipocytes

Back 151

Fixed cells. Fat cells. Contain a lipid droplet that takes up most of the cell.

Front 152

melanocytes

Back 152

Fixed cells. Synthesize and store melanin

Front 153

Wandering Cells

Back 153

Defense and repair of cells. Includes Macrophages, mast, lymphocytes, neutrophs, and eosinphils.

Front 154

Wandering macrophages

Back 154

Wandering cells. In the blood they are monocytes. Reinforce the fixed macrophages.

Front 155

Mast

Back 155

Wandering cells. Release chemicals to stimulate local inflammation.

Front 156

Lymphocytes

Back 156

Wandering cells. Fight against disease.

Front 157

Neutrophs and Eosinphils

Back 157

Wandering cells. Attracted by chemicals released by macrophages.

Front 158

Loose Connective tissue proper

Back 158

The packing material. Fills spaces, provides cushioning and support epithelia, blood vessels, and nerves. 3 types: Areolar connective tissue, adipose tissue, and Reticular tissue.

Front 159

Areolar connective tisssue

Back 159

Least specialized loose connective tissue. Provides cushioning and separates the skin from deeper structures. Fibers are loosely organized and does not have as many collagen fibers.

Front 160

Adipose connective tissue

Back 160

Loose connective tissue. There is an abundance of adipocytes. Typically located subcutaneous and viscerally.

Front 161

Reticular Connective tissue

Back 161

Loose connective tissue. An abundance of reticular fibers. Located in the liver, kidneys, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.

Front 162

Dense Connective Tissue Proper

Back 162

These are often called collagenous tissues. There are 3 types: Regular, irregular, and elastic

Front 163

Dense Regular tissue

Back 163

Packed tightly and aligned parallel to applied forces. Examples: Tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments

Front 164

Dense Irregular tissue

Back 164

Interwoven mesh with no consistent pattern. Example: Dermis, which provides strength. Also forms capsules around many internal organs.

Front 165

Elastic Tissue

Back 165

This is a dense tissue that is abundant in elastic fibers. Found in walls of blood vessels.

Front 166

Supporting connective Tissue

Back 166

Cartilage and bone. This type of tissue provides a strong framework.

Front 167

Cartilage

Back 167

Matrix is a firm gel containing chondrotin sulfates. This also contains chondrocytes that live in lacunae. Avascular. Surrounded by perichondrium.

3 types: Hyaline, Elastic, and fibrous

Front 168

Hyaline Cartilage

Back 168

The most common type of cartilage. Closely packed collagen fibers. Tough and somewhat flexible. ie connections between ribs, elbow, knee...

Front 169

Elastic Cartilage

Back 169

This type of cartilage is abundant in elastic fibers. This makes it resilient and flexible. ie. ear, epiglottis, auditory tube.

Front 170

Fibrous Cartilage

Back 170

This type of cartilage has little ground substance, and may lack a perichondrium. The matrix is dominated by collagen fibers. Found in high areas of stress, such as vertebrae and hip bones.

Front 171

Membranes

Back 171

Combination of epithelia and connective tissue. It covers and protects other structures and tissues in the body