Lecture Exam #4

Front 1

Decontamination

Back 1

destroys most microbial life, reducing contamination on inanimate surfaces

Front 2

Leukocidins

Back 2

Toxic to white blood cells

Front 3

What is the portal of entry which allows the greatest number of pathogens?

Back 3

The respiratory portal of entry

Front 4

Bacteria can produce _______ that allow them to get between cells and go into cells.

Back 4

Proteins

Front 5

Bacteria escape ____________ and continue to annoy the immune system.

Back 5

Phagocytosis

Front 6

Bacteria produce ________ which damage cells.

Back 6

Toxins.

Front 7

Pathogenicity

Back 7

An organisms potential to cause infection or disease.

Front 8

Toxin

Back 8

A chemical produced by bacteria which are poisonous to humans.

Front 9

Exotoxin

Back 9

A toxin molecule secreted by a live bacterial cell which targets a tissue.

Front 10

Stages of infection

Back 10

1. Portal of entry

2. Attaching firmly

3. Surviving host defense

4. Causing damage and possibly disease

5. Exiting host.

Hint 10

5

Front 11

Opportunistic pathogens

Back 11

Capable of causing disease when the host's defenses are compromised.

Front 12

True pathogens

Back 12

Are capable of causing disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses.

Front 13

Two differences between Exotoxins and Endotoxins

Back 13

Endotoxins - stable, toxic in high doses, systemic.

Exotoxins - unstable, specific to a cell type, toxic in minute amounts.

Front 14

Short Tandem Repeats

Back 14

Short sequences ranging from 2 to 9 base pairs in length

Front 15

Sterilization

Back 15

Destruction of all microbial life - including the inactivation of endospores

Front 16

Disinfection

Back 16

Destroys most microbial life, reducing contamination on inanimate surfaces

Front 17

Antisepsis

Back 17

Destroys most microbial life, reducing contamination on a living surface.

Front 18

MIC

Back 18

Minimum inhibitory concentration - the smallest concentration of drug that visibly inhibits growth

Front 19

True or False: After milk has been pasteurized it is considered sterile.

Back 19

False.

Front 20

True or False: Gamma radiation is very penetrating.

Back 20

True.

Front 21

True or False: Bacteria never become resistant to an antibiotic.

Back 21

False.

Front 22

True or False: Antibiotics are produced by some bacteria and fungi.

Back 22

True.

Front 23

What are two sites in a bacterial cell an antibiotic can target?

Back 23

Cytoplasmic membrane and the ribosomes.

Front 24

What are two sites in a bacterial cell an antibiotic can target?

Back 24

Cytoplasmic membrane and the ribosomes.

Front 25

What are two side effects antibiotics can have?

Back 25

Organ toxicity and allergies

Front 26

Sanitation

Back 26

Any cleansing technique that mechanically removes microorganisms to reduce contamination to safe levels.

Front 27

Radiation

Back 27

Energy emitted from atomic activities and dispersed at high velocity through matter or space.

Front 28

What are the most resistant to microbial control?

Back 28

Bacterial endospores & prions.

Front 29

Examples of moderate resistant bacteria to microbial control are?

Back 29

Protozoan cysts, fungal sexual spores, naked viruses, resistant vegatative bacteria

Front 30

What are examples of least resistant bacteria to microbial control?

Back 30

Most bacterial vegetative cells,fungal spores,enveloped viruses, yeasts,and protozoan trophozites.

Front 31

All microorganisms have a ______ _______________.

Back 31

Cell membrane

Front 32

Pasteurization

Back 32

Used to disinfect beverages - does not kill endospores but is considered sterilized afterwards.

Front 33

Does cold kill most microbes?

Back 33

No; it can actually preserve cultures!

Front 34

Antibiotic

Back 34

A chemical substance produced by a microorganism that kills or inhibits the growth of unrelated microorganisms.

Front 35

Therapeutic index

Back 35

The ratio of the dose of the drug that is toxic to humans as compared to its minimum effective dose. The smaller the ratio, the greater the potential for toxic drug reactions.

Front 36

What are some reasons antimicrobial treatment can fail?

Back 36

*The inability of the drug to diffuse into that body compartment.

*A few resistant cells in the culture that did not appear in a sensitivity test.

*An infection caused by more than one pathogen, some of which are resistant to the drug.

Front 37

Do antibiotics work on viruses?

Back 37

No!

Front 38

Pathogen

Back 38

A microbe whose relationship with its host is parasitic and results in infection and disease.

Results in infection and disease - type and severity of infection depend on both the pathogenicity of the organism and the condition of the host.

Front 39

Name 4 structures the bacterium use to attach firmly to the host.

Back 39

Fimbriae - capsules - surface proteins - viral spikes

Front 40

Naming surviving host defense bacterium use.

Back 40

Avoiding phagocytosis-

Avoiding death inside phagocyte

Absence of specific immunity

Hint 40

3

Front 41

Necrosis

Back 41

Accumulated damage leads to cell and tissue death.

Front 42

How do bacterium cause disease?

Back 42

By direct damage - toxins and/or enzymes

Indirect damage - inducing inappropriate, excessive host response

Front 43

Mixed infection

Back 43

Several agents establish themselves simultaneously at the infection site.

Examples: wound infections and dental caries.

Front 44

Reservoir

Back 44

The primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates.

Front 45

Reservoir

Back 45

The primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates.

Front 46

Carrier

Back 46

An individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others without any notice

Front 47

Reservoir

Back 47

The primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates.

Front 48

Carrier

Back 48

An individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen and spreads it to others without any notice

Front 49

Asymptotic carrier

Back 49

An individual that is apparent healthy, they show no symptoms, but can spread disease.

Front 50

Incubation carrier

Back 50

Spread the infectious agent during the incubation period

Front 51

Incubation carrier

Back 51

Spread the infectious agent during the incubation period

Front 52

Convalescent carrier

Back 52

Recuperating patients without symptoms that continue to shed viable microbes and convey the infection to others.

Front 53

Chronic carrier

Back 53

An individual who shelters the infectious agent for a long period of time.

Front 54

Passive carrier

Back 54

A person contaminated but not infected

Front 55

Vector

Back 55

A live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another

Front 56

Vector

Back 56

A live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another

Front 57

Biological vector

Back 57

Actively participates in a pathogen's life cycle

Front 58

Vector

Back 58

A live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another

Front 59

Biological vector

Back 59

Actively participates in a pathogen's life cycle

Front 60

Mechanical vectors

Back 60

Transport the infectious agent without being infected