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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Four factors affecting PERMEABILITY:
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1. size--bigger=harder
2. soluability in lipid 3. ionic charge of molecule a. bigger charge=bigger hydration shell b. proteins--the charge 4. presence or absence of transport protein for that molecule |
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Passive transport:
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Does NOT have to use energy (ATP) to move across membrane
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Characteristics of active transport:
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--Does use ATP to move across membrane
--can move against concentration gradient --has to transport proteins --carriers will be: specific, competitive, saturated --sometimes more than one thing is transported at same time---co-transport |
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Characteristics of DIFFUSION:
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-does not require a cell
-net movement of molecules from area of high concentration to area of low concentration -movement is random -change direction more often on side with more -more will move from area of high concentration to low concentration |
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Concentration gradient:
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Two adjacent areas and one has higher concentration than the other
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Equilibrium:
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When no net movement-all movement is equal
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Factors that effect DIFFUSION:
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1. permeability of membrane to substance; lipid soluble or water soluble.
2. size of concentration gradient 3. dimensions of pathway (cell membrane) -microvilli will increase it -thickness of plasma membrane=harder to get through -surface area 4. molecular weight/size of molecule -larger size=less diffusion - O2, H2O, CO2 all thru easily |
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Facilitated diffusion:
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-diffusion helped--carrier proteins will help molecule get across membrane
-no energy required -carriers are specific -competition--other substances will try to compete -can be saturated |
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Specificity:
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When carriers will only move one kind of thing across membrane
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Co-transport:
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When more than one thing is transported across the membrane at the same time
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Symport:
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Moving in same direction at same time
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Antiport:
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Moving different things in opposite directions at same time
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Primary active transport:
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When you spend ATP as the first transport occurs
Ex: sodium potassium ions Na+ K+ (Na+ K+ pump) moves 3 Na+ out of cell moves 2 K+ into cell ---for every 1 ATP cell uses |
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Secondary active transport:
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-initial movement is coupling diffusion of one molecule to transport of another molecule against its concentration gradient
--use energy in different place to transport diffused item back out |
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Phagocytosis:
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Moving into cell "cell eating"
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Pinocytosis:
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Moving into cell
Requires ATP |
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Receptor mediated endocytosis:
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Moving into cell
Requires ATP |
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Exocytosis:
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Moving out of cell
requires ATP |
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Osmosis:
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-NET movement of H2O from area of high H2O concentration to area of low H2O concentration
-H2O will move to dilute area that is more concentrated -passive -does not require energy at all times -there is chemical disequilibrium between cytoplasm and extracellular -uses energy to maintain disequilibrium -H2O can easily move into different body compartments/across plasma membranes -water moves to restore osmotic equilibrium |
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Solution:
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Solvent + Solute
Amt of What was added H2O |
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Concentrations:
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If more particles of solute= less water
If more water= less particles H2O concentration differs because solute concentration differ |
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Osmotic pressure:
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-driving force for H2O caused by the difference in H2O concentration between solution and pure H2O
-how much pressure would you have to apply to stop or oppose the movement of H2O down its gradient |
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Osmolarity:
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number of moles of solute particles per liter of solution
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Molarity:
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number of moles of substance per liter of solution
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Isosmotic:
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same--equal number of solute particles in two solutions--no net movement
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Hyperosmotic:
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more--larger number of solute particles than other solution
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Hyposmotic:
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less--fewer number of solute particles, but has more H2O
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Tonicity:
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classified solutions based on what they do to cell size
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Isotonic:
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cells stays same size
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Hypertonic:
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H2O leaves and cell shrinks (crenation)
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Hypotonic
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Cell size increases, water goes into cell
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Lysis:
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When cell gets so big it explodes
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Osmotically active:
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Cannot get across
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How much water crosses membrane every second?
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100x volume of cell in water
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Cellular communication:
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--gap junctions-- between cells
-cell junction--have protein that extends across cell membranes of two cells and hole down the center --size limits what can go through |
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Paracrine:
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Chemicals released effects other nearby cells
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Autocrine:
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Chemicals released effects cells that released them
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Can chemicals do both paracrine and autocrine functions?
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Yes, most can with stimulation
ex: mast cells release histamine--effect blood vessels |
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Cytokines:
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chemical communication, big variety, can act as paracrine and autocrine, but also get into blood and can effect cells at distance
ex: immune system--interferons |
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Endocrine system:
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-long distance
-only chemicals, hormones -hormones travel in blood-can go anywhere -only cells that will respond are ones with receptor for that hormone |
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Nervous system:
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-both electrical and chemical
--electric: graded potential action potential --chemical: neurotransmitters neuromodulators neurohormones |
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Neurotransmitters:
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signal nearby cell
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Neuromodulators:
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nearby cell effects are different
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Neurohormones:
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released by neurons but get into blood and go everywhere
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