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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the second hardest substance in the body? |
bone
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What is bone composed of? |
--Made of collagen fibers embedded in a protein and polysaccharides (poly = many, saccharides = carbohydrates) |
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What are the functions of bone? |
--protection --leverage (for moving with muscle) --homeostasis of calcium --blood cell formation |
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Name 3 bone cells. |
--Osteocyte --Osteoclasts |
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Bone cells-- What are osteoblasts? |
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Bone cells-- How do osteoblasts harden the matrix? |
through ossification |
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Bone cells-- Once surrounded by bone (in the lacuna), osteoblasts are called _________. |
Osteocytes |
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Bone cells-- What are osteocytes? |
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Bone cells-- Osteocytes can become osteoblasts again to help with what? |
reform new bone if needed |
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Bone cells-- What are osteoclasts? |
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Bone cells-- What are osteoclasts important for? |
calcium homeostasis |
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Bone structure-- Name two types of bones. |
--Compact bone |
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Bone structure-- Is cancellous bone light and spongy --or-- dense and heavy? |
light and spongy |
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Bone structure-- Is compact bone light and spongy --or-- dense and heavy? |
dense and heavy |
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What is cancellous bone? |
--Reduces the weight of the bone with remaining strength |
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Bone structure-- In cancellous bone, the spaces between the spicules contain what? |
bone marrow
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Bone structure-- What is compact bone? |
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Bones structure-- What are compact bones composed of? |
Haversian systems that run lengthwise with the bone |
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What are Haversian systems (p. 175)? |
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Bone structure-- What do the canals of the Haversian systems contain? |
canaliculi which allow osteocytes to communicate with each other; also exchange nutrients and waste |
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Bone structure-- What is the periosteum? |
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Bone structure-- What is the outer layer of the periosteum composed of? |
fibrous tissue |
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Bone structure-- What does the inner layer of the periosteum contain? |
osteoblasts |
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Bone structure-- What does the inner layer of the periosteum do? |
--is involved in bone healing |
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Bone structure-- Is the periosteum present on articular surfaces? |
no |
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Bone structure-- What is the endosteum? |
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Bone structure-- Does the endosteum also contain osteoblasts? |
yes |
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Blood supply to bone-- What are Volkmann canals? |
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Blood supply to bone-- Where are do the Volkmann canals run? |
perpendicular to Haversian canals |
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Blood supply to bone-- What do blood vessels in the Volkmann canals joint with? |
blood vessels in the Haversian systems |
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Blood supply to bone-- What does the Volkmann canal do? |
bring nutrition to the osteocyte |
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What is ossification? |
bone formation/hardening of matrix |
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Bone formation-- 2 possible mechanisms of ossification |
--intramembranous ossification |
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What is endochondral ossification? |
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Bone formation-- What is the most common bone development pathway? |
Endochondral ossification |
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Bone formation--
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--example: the sutures in the skull |
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Endochondral bone formation-- primary growth center: |
bones develop in the diaphyses |
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Endochondral bone formation-- What is the importance to the fetus? |
cartilage is removed as bone is created |
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secondary growth centers: |
develop in the epiphyses of the bone (located at bone end) |
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What are epiphyseal plates? |
cartilage located between diaphysis and epiphyses of bone |
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Endochrondral bone formation-- What happens at epiphyseal plates sites? |
--In long bone after birth is only cartilage in plates. As adult cartilage is replace by bone. |
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What happens if epiphyseal plate is still growing and plate is broken? |
It will stunt the growth |
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What do osteoblasts do in epiphyseal plates? |
Replace cartilage with bone on the diaphyseal surface of the plate. |
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What happens to the epiphyseal plates when the bone has reached its full size? |
they completely ossify |
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Where does it occur? |
In certain bones in the skull |
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Where does bone form? |
the fibrous tissue membranes that cover the brain in the developing fetus |
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Intramembranous bone formation-- What are mesenchymal cells? |
type of stem cell that aggregate to the area (jump up) |
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Intramembranous bone formation-- What do mesechymal cells become? |
osteoblasts
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Intramembranous bone formation-- What do osteoblasts cluster to form? |
osteoid |
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Intramembranous bone formation-- What happens to an osteoid? |
it mineralizes or hardens |
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Intramembranous bone formation-- What will spicules of bone radiate out from? |
ossification centers
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What does calcitonin do? |
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Hormonal role on calcium levels-- What is calcitonin triggered by? |
elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood (hypercalcemia) |
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Hormonal role on calcium levels-- What is the opposite of calcitonin? |
parathyroid hormone |
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Hormone role on calcium levels-- How are parathyroid hormones triggered? |
deficient calcium levels (hypocalcemia) |
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Hormonal role on calcium levels-- What do parathyroid hormones stimulate? |
osteoclast activity |
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Hormonal role on calcium levels-- Parathyroid hormones ________ calcium absoption in the intestines |
increase |
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Hormonal role on calcium levels-- Parathyroid hormones ________ calcium excretion from kidneys. |
decrease |
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Hormonal role on calcium levels-- Parathyroid hormones increase levels of ________ in the blood. |
calcium |
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What are the 4 basic shapes? |
2) Short 3) Flat 4) Irregular bones |
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Bone shapes-- What are examples of long bones? |
humerus, femur |
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Bone shapes-- What are examples of short bones? |
carpal and tarsal bones (wrist bones) |
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What are examples of flat bones? |
scapula, bones of the skull, pelvic bones |
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Bone shapes-- What are examples of irregular bones? |
vertebrae, patella |
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Bone marrow--
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fills the spaces within bones |
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Bone marrow-- What are the 2 types of bone marrow? |
--yellow bone marrow |
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Bone marrow-- What is red bone marrow? |
hematopoietic tissue (blood cell forming tissue) |
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Bone marrow-- What is the majority of the bone marrow of young animals? |
red bone marrow |
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Bone marrow-- T or F: Red bone marrow is only a small portion of the marrow of older animals. |
True |
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Bone marrow-- Where is red bone marrow confined to in older animals? |
a few specific locations |
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Bone marrow-- What does yellow bone marrow primarily consist of? |
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Bone marrow-- What is the most common type of marrow in adult animals? |
yellow |
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Bone marrow-- Can yellow bone marrow revert to red bone marrow if needed? |
yes |
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Joints-- What are the 3 general classifications? |
--cartilaginous joints --synovial joints |
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Joints-- Which joints are immovable (synathroses)? |
Fibrous joints |
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Joints-- Which joints are slightly movable (amphiarthroses)? |
cartilaginous joints |
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Joints-- Which joints are freely movable (diathroses) |
synovial joints |
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How are fibrous joints united? |
by fibrous tissue |
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Joints-- What are examples of fibrous joints? |
sutures of skull, splint bones of horses |
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What are cartilaginous joints capable of? |
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Joints-- What are examples of cartilaginous joints? |
mandibular symphysis, pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks |
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Joints-- A common characteristic of synovial joints is an articular surface on bones. What is this? |
Thin smooth surface at ends of bones where they come together |
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Joints-- A common characteristic of synovial joints is articular cartilage (hyline covering articular surfaces). What does this allow? |
smooth movement between those joint surfaces |
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Joints-- Synovial joints have a fluid-filled joint cavity enclosed by what? |
a joint capsule |
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Joints-- What is the synovial membrane? |
lines the joint capsule and produces fluid |
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Joints-- What does synovial fluid do? |
lubricates the joint |
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Joints-- Synovial joints have ligaments. What are ligaments? |
fibrous connective tissue that keeps joint in place while moving |
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Joints-- What are the 4 types of synovial joints? |
--gliding joints --pivot joints --ball and socket joints |
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Synovial joints: What are hinge joints capable of? |
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Joints-- Synovial joints: What is an example of a hinge joint? |
elbow joint |
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Synovial joints: What are gliding joints? |
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Joints-- Synovial joints: What are gliding joints capable of? |
primarily flexion and extension, but abduction and adduction are possible |
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Joints-- Synovial joints: What are examples of gliding joints? |
carpus (wrist) |
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Joints-- Synovial joints: What are pivot joints? |
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Joints-- Synovial joints: What are pivot joints capable of? |
only rotation |
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Joints-- Synovial joints: What are examples of pivot joints? |
the atlantoaxial joint (between the atlas and axis) |
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Synovial joints: What are ball and socket joints? |
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Joints-- Synovia joints: What are examples of ball and socket joints? |
shoulder and hip joints |
