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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Descriptive research |
- focused on present - gather info describing current situation - Answers "What is?" -many types of research fall in this classification |
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Types of Descriptive research |
1. Developmental 2. Case Study 3. Correlational 4. Normative 5. Observational 6. Action 7. Ex Post Facto 8. Survey |
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Developmental research |
- deals with growth and development of humans or organizations over time - Longitudinal, Cross-sectional |
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Case Study Research |
- Studying a person or event in great detail and describing what is found - Need to be highly organized and systematic when collecting |
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Correlational Research |
- determine if relationship exists between variables - stat techniques include correlation and regression -researcher measures variables of interest, but does not manipulate variables |
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Normative Research |
- develop performance standards - Standards developed on large representative sample from pop. - These standards then applied to other samples from population - rank order from best to worst |
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Observational Research |
- observing people or programs - D.C. time consuming - Analysis is time consuming - Formal training and practical experience required prior to using this type of research. |
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Action research |
- conducted in natural setting where it will be applied - lacks some of control possible with other types of research, but results appropriate for setting - conducted to find answer to problem in natural setting |
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Survey research |
- most common - allow researcher to describe what is - Phone, personal, administered, distributed |
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Ex Post Facto |
- Research that uses data that were collected before study - After the fact research - causal-comparative research - at least two different groups compared on dependent variable or measure of performance (effect) b/c IV (cause) has already occurred or cant be manipulated - Start with effect and seek causes |
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Census |
- survey which obtains responses from the entire population being studied |
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General Survey D.C. Methods |
- Interview - Questionnaires |
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Interview Methods |
Phone Interview - common in market research Personal interview - Applicable if sample is small and accessible - recording of info Focus group Interview - interview groups of ppl - req. skilled facilitator |
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Questionnaires |
- self-report instrument generally mailed or handed to respondent to complete Administered questionnaire - respondents are directly given questionnaire Distributed Questionnaire - Questionnaire mailed or electronically delivered -Majority of survey research in HHP uses questionnaires |
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Questionnaire Development |
- Composing questions - each question should have three qualities: focus, brevity, simplicity - q's should focus directly on issue or topic relevant to info needs of study - short as possible - q's expressed simply and clearly - q's should be worded so not ambiguous, misleading, biased - avoid double-barreled q's - simple sentences, complex sentences only when necessary - vocab should be appropriate for respondents
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Questionnaire Format |
Organization of questionnaire - appearance and layout, important - longer questionnaire have poorer return rates - easy q's first - sensitive q's near end - logical order - demographic info q's at end. |
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Response Format |
1. Closed-ended (Structured) - standard answers provided - easy to code/score - facilitates answering sensitive q's - may make for long questionnaire - easiest for respondent 2. Open Ended (unstructured) - respondent may answer as they choose - exploratory, detailed responses - preferable for complex q's - difficult to code/score - req. more time and effort from respondent. |
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Survey Research Error |
- info obtained from survey depends on questions asked, how respondent reacts to q, and what respondent wants to reveal about themselves - Researchers somewhat limited in ability to assess quality of findings since usually no way of checking accuracy or truthfulness of responses -gathering meaningful info difficult b/c survey research susceptible to nonsampling & sampling errors. |
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Nonsampling error |
- caused by differences in way researcher and respondents interpret questions. - inability or unwillingness of respondents to provide correct or honest info. - mistakes when recording or coding responses, missing responses -> difficult to control response error, beyond control of researchers. -> processing and data collection can be controlled by researcher. |
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Sampling Error |
- result from difference b/w data obtained from sample and data that would have been obtained from entire pop. -> made from inferring pop. characteristic based on a sample - sampling error or margin of error often reported with survey findings. |
