Lecture 8:audition And Body Senses

Front 1

sound as three dimensions
loudness, timbre, pitch describe each

Back 1

loudness=amplitude or intensity of vibrations
timbre= complexity of sounds
pitch=it determines freq of vibrations, measured in Hertz or cycles/second

Front 2

with vision and when we perceive color the eye mixes light, does the ear mix wavelengths of vibrations

Back 2

no, when we hear two tones auditory system detect complexity and allows us to identify

Front 3

sound goes thru____(the external ear)
sound going down canal causes _____(the eardrum) to ___these ___ transferred to middle ear
Middle ear made of three____name each one
The ____part of inner ear, long and coiled with fluid/receptors

Back 3

-pinna
-tympanic membrane,vibrate,vibrations
-ossicles-->malleus,incus,stapes
-cochlea

Front 4

cochlea made of three divisions the:
Receptive organ=___consists of(3)

Back 4

-scala visibuli/media/tympani
-organ of Corti, basilar/tectorial membrane and hair cells

Front 5

hair cells in organ of corti are

Back 5

auditory receptors, cilia extensions attach to tectorial membrane

Front 6

sound waves cause basilar membrane to move relative to tectorial which

Back 6

bends cilia, the bending cause receptor potentials

Front 7

info from ear to primary auditory cortex explain the transmission starting at organ of corti (5)

Back 7

-organ of corti sends info to brain via cochlear nerve
-axons synapse onto cochlear nuclei
-cochlear nuclei axons onto superior olivary complex (contralateral)
-from superior olivary pass thru lateral lemniscus (bundle of fibers) enter inferior colliculus
-axons from here to medial geniculate nucleus of THALAMUS-->into primary auditory of temporal lobe

Front 8

each ear get info from both ____but mainly the ___side

Back 8

hemispheres,contralateral

Front 9

with cochlear coding, different freq produce maximal ___of hair cells at different points on basilar membrane

Back 9

stimulation

Front 10

auditory complex organized like basilar membrane according to____. This organization known as

Back 10

-frequency--> different parts of cortex respond best to different freq
-Tonotopic representation

Front 11

the perception of complex sounds due to neural circuits in auditory cortex. Name (4) main ways that neural circuit adapted to perceive complex sounds

Back 11

-axons have voltage dependant K channels-->short AP
-large amount of glutamate release due to large terminal buttons
-neurotransmitter dependent ion channel on postsynaptic-->strong EPSP/act fast
-distance between axon and synapse miniimized due to terminal button synapsing on soma directly

Front 12

primary auditory cortex found near lateral fissure. Made of three fields

Back 12

core,belt,parabelt

Front 13

belt

Back 13

first level of auditory association cortex

Front 14

parabelt

Back 14

second level of auditory association cortex

Front 15

core/belt/parabelt receive

Back 15

separate tonotopic maps of auditory info from different areas of medial geniculate nucleus

Front 16

dorsal stream vs ventral stream

Back 16

-terminate in posterior parietal cortex, sounds localization ie WHERE
-terminate in temporal lobe,analysis of complex sounds ie WHAT

Front 17

vision and audition converge in streams because

Back 17

we use both to locate/understand objects

Front 18

music creates

Back 18

emotional feeling

Front 19

different regions of brain involved in different aspects of music

Back 19

true

Front 20

in experiment to understand recognition of complex sounds. Subjects given recognizable sounds showed activation of _____stream. When sound backward (same complexity,but not recognizable) what happened

Back 20

ventral, no activation auditory cortex

Front 21

Amusia

Back 21

-inability to perceive/make melodic music
-can still recognize different emotions in music/environment sounds,speech
-can't tell difference between consonant and dissonant music

Front 22

consonant vs dissonant

Back 22

consonant=harmony, pleasant
dissonant=unstable, transitional

Front 23

birdsong is innate similar to human language, serve many functions and birds raised in different region obtain different dialects this is true or false

Back 23

true

Front 24

echolocation

Back 24

-communication in bats
-sounds waves acts as sonar, bounce and and it hears echo

Front 25

somatosenses give info

Back 25

about what happening on skin and inside it

Front 26

three interacting somatosensory systems

Back 26

exteroceptive=senses external stimuli to skin like touch
proprioceptive=monitor info about body posture/position like kinesthesia
interoceptive=info about condition inside body like BP

Front 27

the 4 stimuli that cause skin senses to respond

Back 27

-vibrations
-pressure
-temp
-pain

Front 28

_____corpuscles sensitive to light touch,stretch, kinesthetic sense
___and __make up layers of subcutaneous
Glabrous skin=
___corpuscles repsond to low freq vibration
____corpuscles respond to vibrations, concentric layers around dendrite of axon

Back 28

-ruffini
-dermis/epidermis
-hairless
-meissner
-pacinian

Front 29

explain from skin to primary somatosensory cortex pathway

Back 29

-axons from skin/muscles/organs enter CNS via spina; nerves (dorsal root ganglia)
-localised info(touch) ascend thru dorsal column enter medial lemniscus
-axons ascend to ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus, project to primary somat cortex
-Nonlocalized info (pain/temp) enter spine,cross other side ascend thru spinothalamic tract

Front 30

somatopic map (parts of brain associated to sensation in certain part of body) by Penfield also called

Back 30

somatosensory homunculus

Front 31

Tactile agnosia(usually damage to parietal). Patient can draw object when touched but

Back 31

-cant identify objects by touch
-cant recognize them

Front 32

pain unpleasantness is degree to which perosn bothered by pain. Mediated by pathways going to (2)

Back 32

ACC and insular cortex

Front 33

sensory component of pain has to do with perception of intensity of stimulus. Mediated by pathway from spinal cord to____via_____

Back 33

somatosensory cotices via ventral posterior thalamic neurons

Front 34

component of pain of long term implication has to do with persons comfort and well being. Mediated by pathways going to

Back 34

prefrontal cortex

Front 35

in experiment place hand in ice cold water, those with hypnosis report ___unpleasant pain. Painful stimuli increased activation in both (2). When hypnotized ___activity decreased and ___activity high. ie the ___involved in pain perception and ___involved in immediate emotional effect

Back 35

-less
-ACC,primary somat cortex
-acc,somat
-somat,acc

Front 36

phantom limb, amputees stay limb still there and hurts. Thought phantom limb sensation due to. Alternative explanation is that

Back 36

-cut axons, who's ends can't be reestablished and form neuromas
-problem inherent in parietal lobe organization (involved in awareness of owns body)

Front 37

people with parietal lobe damage known to

Back 37

push leg out since they think it belongs to someone else

Front 38

electrical stimulation of___causes release of endogenous opioids
-acupuncture but not___causes release of endogenous opioids

Back 38

-PAG
-hypnosis

Front 39

significance of analgesia (2)

Back 39

-suppression of pain during certain behaviours like fighting
-help deal with unavoidable pain