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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Natural Immunity is nonspecific. What three things are part of the nonspecific host defense mechanisms?
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Phagocytes
Chemicals Physical barriers |
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Normal Flora prevents pathogens from colonizing by producing ____ toxic to other bacteria.
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bacteriocins
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Normal flora prevent pathogens from colonizing by providing competition for ____ and _____.
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nutrients and attachment sites
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normal flora prevent pathogens from colonizing by creating an unfriendly environment. (secreting ____, ____).
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acids
fatty acids |
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Normal Flora is present on body without causing disease. It prevents pathogens from colonizing by what three things?
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- producing bacteriocins toxic to other bacteria
- providing competition for nutrients and attachment sites - creating an unfriendly environment (secreting acids, fatty acids) |
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Skin. ____ and _____ provide a physical barrier to microorganisms.
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epidermis and dermis
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Although the epidermis and dermis provide a physical barrier to microorganims, ____ and ____ are natural portals of entry for pathogens.
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hair follicles and glands
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Name a pathogen that pushes itself through natural portals of entry (hair follicles and glands).
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Treponema pallidum (a spirochete) causes syphilis, an STD
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Skin is tough, dry (no water, no life), ___, ____, ____, covered with normal flora.
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salty
oily low in nutrients |
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Microorganims can be ____ with epidermis
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shed
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Name a protein in the skin.
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Keratin
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Keratin (protein in skin) is a poor source of _____
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carbon
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Name three things that are naturally antimicrobial.
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- fatty acids
- acids - sweat |
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________ makes antimicrobial fatty acids with lipase
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Propionibacterium acnes
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Propionibacterium acnes makes antimicrobial fatty acids with _____
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lipase
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_____ ferment to produce acidic environment
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Staphylococci
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Staphylocci ferment to produce ____ environment.
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acidic
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Disease is more likely to occur if skin barrier is _____.
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broken
ex: surgery, puncture wounds, bites, injections, etc. |
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Respiratory System. Airflow turbulent-microbes get stuck on ______
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mucosal surfaces
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______ beat towards the pharynx (up the mucosal escalator).
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cilia
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Microbes sent up to mouth/nose, expelled by coughing or sneezing, or combined with _____ and sent to _____.
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saliva
stomach |
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____ destroys mucosal cells, disrupts action of the mucosal escalator.
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Smoking
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Mucous is full of ____, an enzyme that can break down peptidoglycan (a good thing).
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lysozyme
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Mucous is full of lysozyme, an enzyme that can break down ____
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peptidoglycan
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Besides mucous, lysozyme can also be found in ______
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lacrimal fluid (tears). This acts to protect eyes.
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If bacteria doesn't get sneezed or coughed out, it goes to the gastrointestinal tract. Stomach acid has a pH of ____ and is a natural barrier to pathogens.
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pH 2
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Stomach acid kills most everything, except ____ and _____, ______, ______
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Typhoid and tubercle bacilli
protozoal cysts certain viruses, Helicobacter pylori (causes stomach ulcers, can make environment a lower pH) |
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Name a virus that stomach acid can't kill.
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Helicobacter pylori
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Bile enters GI tract at _____
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duodenum
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GI tract is inhibitory to most microorganisms. Also duodenal enzymes will digest all the ____ and _____ components of microorganisms (proteins, carbohydrates, fats).
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structural
metabolic |
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Name a pathogen that can get into your gastrointestinal tract. hint: it forms cysts.
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Giardia- a protozoan that forms cysts. Beavers poop it out into cold water. You drink water w/ cyst. It goes into stomach, then intestines. Cyst will become vegetative form. TROPHOZOITE form suckers. get diarrhea. lasts for 40 days.
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GENITOURINARY TRACT. Flow of urine prevents microbes from reaching ____ or _____
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kidneys
bladder |
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Women get more bladder infections than men because?
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women have shorter urethra.
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pH of vaginal tract is kept low by _____ producing lactic/acetic acid as a result of glycogen fermentation.
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Lactobacillus.
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pH of vaginal tract ketp low by Lactobacillus producing lactic/acetic acid as a result of _____
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glycogen fermentation
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In ______ or _____ women, vaginal flora similar to adjacent skin.
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pre-pubescent
post-menopausal |
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During child-bearing years, estrogen levels rise causing vaginal epithelial cells to secrete ____.
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glycogen
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Interferons stimulates production of _____ that interfere with viral reproduction in neighboring cells
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antiviral proteins (AVPs)
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Phagocytes include _____, ____(neutrophils, eosinophils)
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macrophages
PMN cells (polymorphonuclear) |
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PMN cells inclue ____ and ____
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neutrophils and eosinophils
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____ and _____ work together to confine pathogens to site of entry and fix damaged tissue
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phagocytosis
inflammation |
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opsonin
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protein found on bacterium that enhances phagocytosis
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_____ is a response to injury (chemical, physical, or living organism)
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inflammation
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What are three types of injury?
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chemical
physical living organism |
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What are four signs of inflammation?
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rubor
calor dolor tumor |
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Rubor
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redness
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Calor
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heat
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Dolor
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pain
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tumor
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swelling
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injured cells release ____
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chemicals
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_____, _____ respond to chemical signals such as _____ and arrive at site to begin phagocytosis
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neutrophils
macrophages histamine |
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_____ forms around pus.
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fibrin walls
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Pus is composed of ____, _____, _____, _____
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plasma, tissue cells, dead bacteria, leukocytes
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______ develop from fibrin enclosing pus
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abscesses
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abscesses develop from fibrin enclosing pus (becomes a _____ if big)
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carbuncle
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Describe the process of inflammation.
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sunburn or mechanical injury introduces bacteria --> vasodilation (capillary walls open [dilate], releasing plasma) --> phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages --> fibrin walls form around pus --> abscesses develop from fibrin enclosing pus --> form a walled off site of injury
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Name a chemical messenger that causes vasodilation
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histamine
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Fever is an abnormally _____.
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high temperature
Baby- if go over 100oF, not good. Child- if go over 102oF, not good. if 104, 105, must cool the person down quickly |
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Phagocytes engulfing parasites produce ____ such as ______ or _____
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cytokines (chemical messenger)
interleukin-1 endotoxins |
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Phagocytes engulfing parasites produce cytokines such as interleukin-1 or endotoxins. These _____ (fever-inducers) travel in the blood to hypothalamus. What does the hypothalamus do?
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pyrogens
hypothalamus raises body temperature |
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Fever results in ____ of blood vessels and an increase in overall ______
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constriction
cell metabolism |
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Fever results in ____, ____
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cold skin
chills and fever |
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Fever results in ______ of growth of certain microorganisms.
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inhibition
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fever results in more _____ repair and phagocytosis
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tissue
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Fever results in reduced blood borne ____ needed by parasites
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iron
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Fever results in what 5 things?
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- Constriction of blood vessels and an increase in overall cell metabolism
- cold skin, chills and fever - inhibition of growth of certain microorganisms - more tissue reapir and phagocytosis - reduced blood borne iron needed by parasites |
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Natural Killer Cells are like _____
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roaming assassins
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Natural Killer Cells picks out 'hits' by checking for _____
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class I MHC (major histocompatibility complex proteins)
- Natural Killer cell surface receptor forms complex with class I MHC found on most cells |
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If no MHC or in reduced quantitites (as in cancer cells or virus-infected cells), Natural killer cells ____.
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kill
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Complement System is a series of ____
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proteins
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Complement System is a series of proteins. Proteins which act in a cascade (___ activates the others) to ____, _____ and _____ microorganisms.
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C3
bind, coat, and destroy *complement system is like a dogpile |
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Complement System is activated to _____
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destroy bacteria
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Give one example as to how the complement system works.
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- Phagocytes release IL-6 after eating bacteria
- IL-6 stimulates production of lectin protein- binds mannose on bacterial capsule - mannose is present on microbial cell walls, but not mammalian cell walls - lectin binding activates complement pathway - complement proteins dogpile - protein encased bacterium destroyed by lysis or phagocytosis |
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When ____ and ____ bind together, activates C3, cascade occurs, complement proteins dogpile.
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Mannose and lectin
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Mannose (sugar), is just on _____ cells, not body cells
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bacterial
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