Lecture 8 Emotion

Front 1

Fuzzy Categories (prototype approach)

Back 1

Rough or average categories of an example.

"what's a penguin?"

"It's Kind of a bird." <--

when remembering emotions we need a list of things that go along with each category that are specific to us.

Front 2

Process of emotion according to Nico Frijda

Back 2

Quick Appraisal --> detailed evaluation --> emerging action readiness --> physiological changes --> conscious/ verbal understanding.

emotions are understood in everyday folk psychology (common script about what goes on in your mind.)

Front 3

Richard lazarus primary and secondary appraisal

Back 3

Primary: goal relevance, and goal congruence, as well as ego involvement.

- Does it relate to my needs?
- Does it serve my needs?
- How does it make me feel?

Second Appraisal: What can I do to fix it/ how does it effect me?

Front 4

Murphy and Zajonc primary appraisals study

Back 4

primary appraisals are unconscious

participants exposed to happy or angry face (subliminal)

they are exposed to a neutral stimulus

eventually associate neutral stimulus with the good or bad things they saw subliminally

Front 5

Why do people pay attention to negative stimulus?

Back 5

Positive stimuli do not need to be dealt with in order to survive, negative stimulus do.

Front 6

Unconscious Appraisals study

Back 6

Present people with subliminal threat words

People then make unconscious appraisals of their attachment figure more available
(they identify words like mother/father more readily)

Front 7

John Bowlby and attachment

Back 7

Maternal deprivation causes: anger, delinquency, and depression

believed people need secure attachment to not have this

Front 8

Bowlby/ Ainsworth study on children and attachment

Back 8

Children were left with a stranger and either had a:

secure reaction: felt scared and calmed when mom came back

resistant reaction: likes either mom or stranger

avoidant reaction: avoids either mom or stranger

Front 9

Humans and attachment figures

Back 9

relied on to help them

- protect from danger
- cope
- a safe haven/ secure base: allows us to explore

babies are born premature, so attachments need to be formed in order to create safety systems for the child to survive.

Front 10

Secure (attachment types)

Back 10

Confident mother is available for them
explorative, positive, calm, empathetic

Front 11

Anxious/Resistant (attachment types)

Back 11

Cries a lot, anxious and angry
lacks confidence in parents accessibility
attachment behavior activated easily

Front 12

Avoidant (attachment types)

Back 12

Doesn't cry during separation, avoids parent
engages in rigid play to avoid parent

Front 13

Mom's attentiveness model

Back 13

Is mom attentive?

yes: child forms secure base

no: child feels:

- anxiety: looking crying, searching, and clinging to mom

- defensiveness: maintains proximity while avoiding expression of need

Front 14

Questionnaire studies/ self report scales

Back 14

proportion of children who had each style of attachment was the same as adults who fit each style of attachment

Secure: 55%

Anxious: 20%

Avoidant: 25%

people then put onto scales that consist of high or low levels of:
-Anxiety
-Avoidance

to determine attachment style

Front 15

Subliminal threat responses study

Back 15

Subliminally priming people with a threat, then showing them jumbled words results in:

greater accessibility of:

-attachment related concepts/words

Secure bases:

- positive concepts

Anxious:

- negative and positive

Avoidant:

- Look positive but are really suppressing, which is seen through slower responses

Front 16

2001 Israel study on primed feelings of attachment

Back 16

people imagine comfort and are subliminally showed love

The are asked to assess feelings towards outgroups

show enhanced empathy for outgroups (gays/infidels)

- did not happen for positive primes not related to love or attachment
- ever attachment style responded

Front 17

Beckes, Simpson, and Erickson at U of Minnesota (negative and neutral primes study)

Back 17

striking snake, mutilated body, neutral thing

followed by smiling face or blank face

then shown word jumbles:

Secure words: perceived faster in the presence of a smiling face that had been paired with fear

Insecure words: perceived slower in the presence of a smiling face that had been paired with fear

makes it easier to make a positive attachment after a negative experience

Front 18

Conscious Secondary Appraisal study

Back 18

Example: seeing a situation as bad, or not good, after it happens, effects your emotions towards it

Appraisal of a loss associated with

Sadness but not Anger

Appraisal of unfairness/Injustice associated with

Anger but not sadness

--> What you are appraising effects the emotion

Front 19

Are emotions a continuum or are they categorical?

Back 19

Morphing faces to test whether people see categorical or a continuum of emotion

people usually see emotions as categorical:

- people do better within each emotional category
- describing non personal emotions results in labeled/categorical emotional representations