Lecture 8: Disruptive Behavior Disorders 2

Front 1

is disruptive behavior a diagnoses like ODD/CD

Back 1

no its a symptom of the disorder

Front 2

is aggressive behavior a diagnoses like ODD/CD

Back 2

no its a symptom of the disorder

Front 3

possible etiologies of DBD

Back 3

biological
parenting
parenting/environment x biological

Front 4

biological theory of DBD etiology

Back 4

-direct inheritance of diagnoses is unlikely
-DSM diagnoses do not give good phenotypes for genetic analysis
ie not going to find genes linked to CD/ODD because cannot come up with genetic markers

Front 5

to study genetic aspect of inheriting DBD's it may be better to...

Back 5

-identify core dimension rather than symptom patterns
-look at genetic contributions to key dimensional traits

Front 6

parenting/environment:
operant conditioning=

Back 6

changing rates of behavior through consequences

Front 7

what happens after a behavior determines what?

Back 7

if you will see more or less of it

Front 8

if you administer positive stimuli=

Back 8

positive reinforcement--> increases behavior

Front 9

if you administer negative stimuli=

Back 9

punishment-->decreases behavior

Front 10

if you remove positive stimuli=

Back 10

omission training-->decreases behavior

Front 11

if you remove negative stimuli=

Back 11

negative reinforcement--> increases behavior

Front 12

with operant conditioning of children keep in mind that reinforcers are...

Back 12

-reinforcers are personal and developmental
-->different things are rewarding for different children
-->different things will be more or less rewarding in different periods

Front 13

coercion theory

Back 13

-cycle of increasingly (-) interactions
-reinforcing to all
-child uses delay/escape strategies (being really annoying)
-parents become inconsistent/explode (try and then give up)

Front 14

next slides looking at caspi et al. 2002 study to examine parenting/environment x biology

Back 14

..

Front 15

-childhood maltreatment univrsal risk factor for___behavior
-___% increased risk for boys to develop CD, antisocial behavior and violent offenders
-but there is a large difference in response to maltreatment (most kids dont become delinquents or criminals) whats the reason for variability

Back 15

-antisocial
-50
-unknown maybe its conditional, depending on genetic susceptibility factors

Front 16

MAOA

Back 16

enzyme that metabolizes neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine (makes them inactive)

Front 17

____levels of MAOA linked to aggression

Back 17

low

Front 18

T or F individual differences in MAOA levels and activity are linked to a particular gene

Back 18

T

Front 19

study hypothesized that
-interaction between low MAOA and abuse leads to increased
-MAOA moderates association between abuse and ___
-children who have ___MAOA activity will show the association and children who do not won't

Back 19

-antisocial behavior problems
-conduct problems
-low

Front 20

describe sample used

Back 20

-from 1037 children took 52% males
-looked at different ages from 3-26
-96% intact (very good, kept many people, dropouts threaten internal and external validity)

Front 21

strengths of study (3)

Back 21

-representative general population sample
-well characterized history (8% severe maltreatment, 28% probable maltreatment, 64% no maltreatment)
-ascertained antisocial outcomes rigorously (looked at criminal records, psychiatric info from multiple informants)

Front 22

when you have 2 independent variables your interested in (2)

Back 22

-main effect of both variables by themselves
is there an association between maltreatment and antisocial behavior and is there an association between MAOA and antisocial behavior
-interaction between the 2 variables
does association between maltreatment and antisocial behavior change as a function of MAOA

Front 23

-as maltreatment increases antisocial behavior___
-is there an effect of MAOA on antisocial behavior
-is there an interaction between maltreatment and antisocial behavior as a function of MAOA

Back 23

increases
no
yes (kids low on MAOA have stronger relationship to mal/anti)

Front 24

genetic/biological etiology of DBD

Back 24

-Some evidence of genetic diathesis
-Some evidence of differences in biological reactivity
-Seem to be gene(s) x environment interaction (maltreatment)
-Strongest biological evidence for early-onset pathway

Front 25

parenting/environmental factors for DBD etiology

Back 25

strong correlations
may interact with biological

Front 26

social information processing=

Back 26

series of cognitive steps that take a person from situation to action
ex) someone says something to me, all the cognitive thoughts about what they said, what i'll do etc is social info processing

Front 27

(5) social info processing steps

Back 27

encoding (what do i pay attention to)
interpretation (what does it mean)
response search (what can i do)
response decision (what will i do)
enactment (how well did i do it)

Front 28

for response decision you evaluate response on number of different dimensions
what are 2 dimensions

Back 28

outcome expectancy: what will happen if i do this
self efficacy: how well can i carry out the response

Front 29

discuss encoding (social info processing) and aggressive behavior

Back 29

don't know much about encoding and aggressive behavior

Front 30

discuss interpretation (social info processing) and aggressive behavior

Back 30

hostile attribution bias (aggressive kids more likely to think other child did it on purpose)

Front 31

discuss response search (social info processing) and aggressive behavior

Back 31

aggressive kids think of less responses and think of more aggressive and fewer prosocial responses

Front 32

discuss response decision (social info processing) and aggressive behavior

Back 32

outcome expectancy: aggressive kids think good things will happen if they use aggression
self efficacy: aggressive kids perceive themselves as being able to carry out those behaviors
what will i do: aggressive kids pick aggressive strategies

Front 33

how do these social info processing patterns develop

Back 33

parents: mothers of boys show hostile attribution bias, parents may reinforce/approve behaviors
peers: may reinforce behaviors (kid gets pushed around and aggressive kids get what they want=reinforcing)

Front 34

summary:
etiology/maintenance of DBD

Back 34

genes/biological (some evidence, ineraction of genes and environment, strongest evidence in early onset)
parenting and environment (strong correlations, may interact with biological)
cognitive and learning factors (hard to establish that info processing comes first, likely in maintaining problems over time)