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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name 5 industrial applications microbiology has.
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1) Food industry
-organic acids, supplements, enzymes 2) Pharmaceutical applications -Antibiotics 3) Agricultural applications - Bioinsecticides 4) Environmental biology - Bioremediation (remove pollutants from environment using microorganisms) 5) Vaccine production |
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What are the main products of fermentation?
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acid
alcohol |
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What are some products of the TCA Cycle when the TCA cycle is stopped at citric acid?
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citric acid is used to make:
1) inks and dyes 2) soft drinks 3) chemistry 4) anticoagulants (heart disease therapy) 5) foods |
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In genetic engineering and biotechnology, products are achieved through ____ and ____. Or through ______.
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mutation and screening of natural gene pool
recombinant DNA techniques |
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What are the results of recombinant DNA techniques?
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1) redesign of a gene (and the protein it encodes)
2) Modification of gene expression 3) Transfer genetic information between organisms |
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What are the three tools of Recombinant DNA?
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1) site-directed mutagenesis
2) random mutagenesis using PCR 3) Restriction and modifying enzymes * site-directed mutagenesis and random mutagenesis are opposites |
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What is site-directed mutagenesis?
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Use oligonucleotides, DNA primers with designed mutation incorporated.
Pick a site to change on a gene and mutate it. |
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What is Random mutagenesis using PCR?
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-Use MANGANESE as cofactor instead of magnesium for polymerase chain rxn
-Causes polymerase to be more error prone A gene goes through PCR, which randomly mutates a gene |
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Human genes can be cloned in microorganisms
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look on page 252
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Mutation and Screening of Available Gene Pool. Say that your desired product is PENICILLIN. It is the first antibiotic to be mass-produced. Originially, it came from _____, which yielded 5mg/L.
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Penicillium notatum
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What is the other, better, source of penicillin? This source is even further improved by ____ and subsequent screening. Its yield is ___mg/L.
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P. chrysogenum
UV mutation 60,000mg/L |
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Redesign of Gene using Recombinant DNA. What is Hirudin?
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an anticogulant polypeptide (takes out blood clots)
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Hirudin's effects are similar to ___ or ___.
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warfarin or heparin
Hirudin has 65 amino acids |
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In redesigning hirudin using Recombinant DNA, use _____ mutagenesis to change ASN47 to ___ or ___
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site-directed
LYS or ARG * single amino acid change results in improved anticoagulant activity |
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Control regions of genes can be altered to change _____ levels.
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expression
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In modification of Gene Expression, engineer a _______ to increase expression of desired gene
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promoter construct
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Give an example of a promoter construct that increases an expression of a desired gene.
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AOX1 promoter of the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris.
- Used to express over 500 heterologous proteins including angiostatin and endostatin |
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Transfer of Genetic Information is achieved by _____
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genetic engineering
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What is the world's toughest bacterium?
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Deinococcus radiodurans- tolerates high levels of radiation
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What bacterium tolerates high levels of radiation?
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Deinococcus radiodurans
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E. coli have genes that degrade ionic _____ compounds
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mercury
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Transfer ____ genes to Deinococcus to create recombinant bacteria that can _____
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E.coli
clean up radioactive toxic waste sites |
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Primary metabolites are made during _____
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trophophase
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Are primary metabolites associated with growth phase?
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yes
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Give some examples of primary metabolites
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amino acids, fermentation end products, enzymes
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Seconday metabolites are made during _____.
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idiophase
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Do Secondary metabolites have a direct relationship to growth?
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NO
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Give 3 examples of secondary metabolites
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antibiotics
antimicrobials mycotoxins |
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Give examples of products of industrial microbiology
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1) Antibiotics
2) Microbes that make bacterial cement 3) Biosurfactants 4) Bioinsecticides 5) Biosensors 6) Bioremediation 7) White Rot Fungus |
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Give three examples of antibiotics
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- Neomycin (Streptomyces fradiae)
- Polymyxin B (Bacillus polymyxa) - Griseofulvin (Penicillium griseofulvum) |
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What digests urea to make ammonia?
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Bacillus pasteurii, sporosarcina ureae
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Ammonia and water create____
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ammonium hydroxide
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Ammonium hydroxide converts calcium chloride to __________ which crystallizes as limestone.
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calcium carbonate
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Give an overview of microbes that make bacterial cement
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- Bacillus pasteurii, sporosarcina ureae digest urea to make ammonia
- Ammonia and water create ammonium hydroxide - NH2OH converts calcium chloride to calcium carbonate which crystallizes as limestone |
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Biosurfactants are used for?
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emulsification, solubilization, and phase dispersion
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______ can make a biosurfactant which is a glycolipid emulsifier - improves oil recovery
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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What is used for emulsfication, solubilization, and phase dispersion?
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biosurfactants
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What toxin kills caterpillars?
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Bacillus thuringensis
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Bacillus thuringensis is a toxin that kills caterpillars by ___
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forming pores in caterpillar guts
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What toxin kills mosquitoes
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Bacillus sphaericus
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What toxin kills Japanese beetle larvae?
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Bacillus popilliae
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What genes do you use to create transgenic insect resistant crops?
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Bacillus genes
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Use Bacillus genes to create _____
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transgenic insect-resistant crops
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What are biosensors used for?
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Use microbes to 'sense' whether toxic products are around
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E.coli containing lux genes (from Vibrio or Photobacteirum) emit ____
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light
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E.coli containing lux genes that emit light are used as a warning system to detect failures in _____
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waste-water treatement plants
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What does it mean if bacteria fail to emit light?
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toxic pollutants are still in the water
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What is bioremediation?
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Removing pollutants from environment using microorganisms
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What is PCBs?
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polychlorinated biphenyls
it is a bad pollutant! |
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Naturally occurring microbes can partially dehalogenate PCBs under ____ conditions
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anaerobic
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You would _____mud to get aerobic bacteria to complete degradation.
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aerate
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Give an example of white rot fungus
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Phanerochate chysosporium
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White Rot FUngus, Phanerochaete chysosporium, degrades ___.
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lignin
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What is lignin and where is it found?
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phenylpropane-based polymeric compound found in wood
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Besides lignin, name 6 other items White Rot Fungus can degrade
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-benzene
-toulene -agent orange -TNT -Xylenes -Chlorinated compounds such as pesticide and herbicides |
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What is the problem with sending engineered microbes into the environment?
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- engineered microbes can't actually contact target
- Engineered microbes fail to survive environment and compete with indigenous microbes, so they die or get eaten |