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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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LC contains __neurons
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noradrenergic
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NA neurons excitatory action on
induce cortical activation by acting on can also directly activate excite BS& spinal cord to explain firing |
-alpha1 receptors
-midline/intralaminar NN of thalamus post. hypothalamus cholinergic basal forebrain -cortex -increase muscle tone/activity -fire during W, decrease NREM, stop REM, firing in W higher during behavioural arousal |
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Dopaminegic neurons project to (4)
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dorsal striatum (SNpc)
VTA thalamus CBF |
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in VTA Dopamine (DA) neurons more active during
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W/REM than NREM
shown w/ cFOS studies |
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cFos
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TF
marker of neuronal activity expressed in nucleus of neuron |
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double labelling experiments
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cFOS&antibody to tyrosine hydroxylase
alows you to study activation of certain neuronal populations |
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studies showed that dopamine neurons during SW cycle DON'T change RATE of firing but rather they change
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pattern of firing they-->fire in bursts of spikes during aroused W/REMS
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as during W, dopamine neurons may be activated by
and therefore participate in and so contribute to |
internally generated rewarding & salient stimuli
modulating in limbic structures dreaming during REMS (cholinergic/glut may help out) ie) dreams linked with reward/dopamine system |
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dorsal raphe
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serotonergic neurons
*similar to LC projections |
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explain Serotonergic neurons firing
excitatory via inhibitory via support a more |
-fire W, decrease NREM, stop REM, fire during motor activity BUT not behavioral arousal
-5HT2R -5HT1R -relaxed W state |
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dorsal raphe send ascending
medullar raphe NN send |
descending projections
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serotonin neurons inhibit rems by inhibiting
they ___muscle tone they have ___connections to cortex |
BS cholinergic neurons
increase direct |
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DTM/VTM
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histaminergic neurons
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histaminergic neuron firing
excitatory action via |
-fire W more for attentive than movement , stop NREM/REM
-H1R |
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during cataplexy of narcoleptic dogs ____neurons continue to fire=
while___neurons become silent= |
histaminergic,alert/attentive
noradrenergic LC, decrease muscle tone |
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lateral hypothalamus
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orexin/hypocretin neurons
*similar to LC projections |
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orexin neurons firing
excitatory via stimulate arousal/ cortical activation by exciting |
-fire W, stop NREM/REM
-OxR1/OxR2 -other arousal systems, and other areas, also on neuroendo/sympathetic/motor systems |
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characterize waking by high activity in (4)
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ARAS
Cholinergic monoaminergic orexigenic |
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wake system in post hypo includes (2)
BS contains (3) ARAS contains *all these are areas/circuits active during W ie arousal system |
-orexin/histaminergic
-cholinergic,noradrenergic,serotonergic -glutaminergic |
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characterize sleep based on high activity in
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-anterior/preoptic hypo and basal forebrain
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find GABAergic neurons (sleep neurons) in (3)
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VLPO (ant hypo)
MnPO (ant hypo) neighbour basal forebrain areas *neurons here active during NREM/REM |
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2 types of S active neurons
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-SWS specific: firing ass. delta activity/slow waves, deactivate cortex directly or indirectly
-SWS/REM specific: firing ass. w/ decrease muscle tone via descending projections to post hypo/BS |
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SW cycle controlled by
how does S system and W system interact |
-switches
-Waking: post hypo waking system orexin neurons activate arousal system & NA inhibits sleep system via alpha 2R Sleep:ant hypo sleep system active and inhibits multiple arousal systems above=flip flop switch |
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REM regulated by
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REM-on/off neurons in dorsal/cranial pons
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flip flop allows
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stable S or W states/facilitates rapid switching between states
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regulation of hypothalamic oscillator
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circadian and homeostatic signals
circadian from SCN indirectly act on S-W areas homeostatic may involve endogenous adenosine *inputs from both change slowly over time |
