Lecture 5 Exam

Front 1

Functions of urinary system

Back 1

Removal of toxins, metabolic wastes, excess fluid and ions from the blood, regulation of blood pressure and pH

Front 2

Anatomical position of the kidneys

Back 2

Right kidney is slightly inferior to the left. Renal artery and vein perfume the kidneys, and carries 1/4 output at rest.

Kidneys are retroperitoneal. Located between T12-L3.

Adipose tissue surrounds kidneys

Front 3

How many nephrons are there per kidney?

Back 3

1 million

Front 4

Which nephron is more numerous?

Back 4

Cortical nephrons

Front 5

What are the relative concentration of cortical and juxtamedullary fluids?

Back 5

Cortical- roughly 300 mOsm

Medullary- roughly 1200 mOsm

Front 6

Complete parts of the nephron in order of blood and filtration flow

Back 6

Renal corpuscle -> glomerulus & bowman capsule -> prox. Convoluted tubule -> loop of henle-> distal conv. Tubule -> collecting duct.

Front 7

Source and function of peritubular capillaries

Back 7

Arise from efferent arterioles. Adapted for absorption.

Front 8

3 major processes occurring in the nephron

Back 8

Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion.

Front 9

The unique structural quality of glomerular capillaries

Back 9

They are positioned between the afferent and efferent arterioles

Front 10

What pressure is responsible for driving filtrate formation in the glomerulus?

Back 10

Hydrostatic pressure

Front 11

What pressures oppose filtrate formation in the glomerulus?

Back 11

Colloid osmotic and capsular hydrostatic pressures.

Front 12

What substances are not filtered out of the blood in the glomerulus?

Back 12

Large particles such as blood cells, plasma proteins

Front 13

What is the relative blood pressure in the glomerulus compared to systemic pressure?

Back 13

Is higher (55 mmhg) than other capillaries

Front 14

Where is urine formed?

Back 14

In the kidney through glomerular filtration. Passes through the nephron and down the renal tubules of the kidney.

Front 15

What are the normal GFR values?

Back 15

80-180 mmhg in constant GFR when MAP is in range. Volume of filtrate formed per minute is 120-125 ml/min

Front 16

Control mechanism for myogenic mechanism

Back 16

Intrinsic controls

Front 17

Function of JGA

Back 17

Controls NFP to keep GFR constant and senses blood pressure

Front 18

Control mechanism for tubuloglomerular feedback

Back 18

If GFR increases filtrate flow rate increases in the tubule. If increase of NaCl, JGA response by vasoconstricting chemical that acts on afferent arteriole and decreases GFR at the macula densa cells.

Front 19

Major substances reabsorbed by the proximal conv. Tubules

Back 19

65% of Na and water, all nutrients( glucose, amino acids), ions (K+, Cl-), small proteins that may have been filtered.

Front 20

Substances reabsorbed by descending loop of henle.

Back 20

25% of filtered H20

Front 21

Substances reabsorbed by ascending loop of henle

Back 21

25% of filtered Na+, K+, Cl-

Front 22

What mechanism of reabsorption of substances the PCT

Back 22

Primary active transport.

Front 23

Functions of angiotensin 2

Back 23

1. Constricts arteriolar smooth muscle, causing MAP to rise.

2. Stimulates the reabsorption of Na+ (triggers aldosterone)

3. Stimulates hypothalamus to release ADH.

Front 24

Hormone responsible for increasing water reabsorption in the collecting duct

Back 24

ADH or vasopressin

Front 25

Effects of aldosterone on ion concentrations and which cells it acts on.

Back 25

Targets principle cells, promotes reabsorption of Na and promotes secretion of K

Front 26

Cells responsible for regulating pH in the kidneys

Back 26

Intercalated cells

Front 27

Purpose of countercurrent mechanism

Back 27

Occurs when fluid flows in opposite directions. Creates and maintains osmotic agent and allow the kidneys to vary urine concentration

Front 28

Relative volume of the body's fluid compartments

Back 28

Intracellular fluid compartment: 25L (2/3) in cells

Extracellular fluid compartment: 15L (1/3) in cells. 3L plasma, 12L of interstitial fluid, rest is ECF

Front 29

Major ionic Components of ICF

Back 29

Cation: K+

Anion: HPO4

Front 30

Major ionic components of ECF

Back 30

Cation: Na

Anion: Cl

Front 31

Mechanism for potassium regulation

Back 31

Aldosterone increases K+ secretion. Affects RMP in neurons and muscle cells. 3.5-5.0 mmol/L in ECF

Front 32

Function of PTH

Back 32

Controls Calcium balance and calcitonin

Front 33

Difference between respiratory acidosis and alkalosis

Back 33

Acidosis: PCO2 above 45 mmhg

Due to hypoventilation and common of acid-base imbalances

Alkalosis: PCO2 below 35 mmhg

Common result in hyperventilation due to stress or pain

Front 34

Difference between Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis

Back 34

Acidosis: decrease in blood pH and HCO3-

Causes include accumulation of lactic acid, shock, ketosis, diabetic crisis.

Alkalosis: less common, rising blood pH and HCO3-

caused by vomiting of acid contents of the stomach or intake of excess base.

Front 35

Normal Na, K, HCO3 concentrations

Back 35

Na: 280 mOsm (135-145 mmol/L)

K: 3.5-5.0 mmol/L

HCO3: 22-30mmol/L

Front 36

Arterial pH blood, venous blood and IF fluid, ICF pH

Back 36

7.4, 7.35, 7.0

Front 37

Alkalosis arterial pH

Back 37

> 7.45

Front 38

Acidosis arterial pH

Back 38

< 7.35

Front 39

Metabolic compensation of acidosis

Back 39

High H levels stimulate thr respiratory centers, rate and depth of breathing are elevated, blood pH is below 7.35 and HCO3 levels are low, CO2 is elicited by respiratory system and pco2 falls below normal

Front 40

Metabolic compensation for alkalosis

Back 40

Slow shallow breathing allowing co2 accumulation in the blood

High pH and elevated hco3 levels.

Front 41

Components of nephron.

Back 41

Renal corpuscle (bowman), proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule, collecting ducts, cortical and medullary nephrons.

Front 42

Difference between intrinsic and extrinsic controls of GFR

Back 42

Intrinsic: controls to maintain a constant gfr

Extrinsic: controls to maintain a systemic blood pressure

Front 43

Most efficient storage of energy in the body

Back 43

Fat

Front 44

Major processes of water intake

Back 44

Metabolism (10%): 250ml/day

Foods (30%): 750ml/day

Beverages (60%): 1500ml/day

Front 45

Major processes of water output

Back 45

Feces (4%): 100ml/day

Sweat (8%): 200ml/day

Insensible loss via skin (28%): 700ml/day

Urine (60%): 1500ml/day

Front 46

Risk of overhydration

Back 46

Renal insufficient or rapid water ingestion

Front 47

Bicarbonate buffer system

Back 47

Strong acid is added:

Hco3 ties to h and forms h2co3

Ph decreases only slightly, unless available hco3 is used up.

Strong base is added:

H2co3 dissociate and donate h

H ties up the base

Ph rises slightly