Lecture 4 Exam Part 2

Front 1

What is the name of the cell body of a neuron?

Back 1

Soma

Front 2

What is another name for a neuron that contains all of the organelles?

Back 2

Neurosoma

Front 3

What is the neurosoma considered, since it houses all of the organelles?

Back 3

Control center

Front 4

True/False: The neurosoma has a well developed cytoskeleton layered with microtubules that begin in the soma and trickle down into the axon.

Back 4

True

Front 5

What does the cytoskeleton do?

Back 5

Organize the soma and gives a structure in which the organelles can be attached to

Front 6

What are the microtubules referred to as, and what are they primarily made up of?

Back 6

Neurofibrils, made up primarily of actin

Front 7

What is the term for the compartmentalized rough endoplasmic reticulum and proteins?

Back 7

Nissl bodies

Front 8

What are the things that stick out of a neurosoma?

Back 8

Cell processes

Front 9

What type of cell process is a projection of the cellular membrane (branches) where incoming signals are received?

Back 9

Dendrites

Front 10

Where do synapses between other neurons occur?

Back 10

Dendrites

Front 11

True/False: Every single dendrite is occupied by a synapse of some other neuron.

Back 11

True

Front 12

What is the single long process coming out of a neuron that is a specialized process conducting signals away from the neuron?

Back 12

Axon

Front 13

When dissecting animals and we come across nerve bundles, what are these typically known as?

Back 13

Axons

Front 14

What is another name for an axon of a neuron?

Back 14

Nerve fiber

Front 15

When the axons/nerve fibers are out in the peripheral nervous system in bundles that are visible, what are they called?

Back 15

Nerve

Front 16

In the central nervous system, the axons/nerve fibers are not bundled together, but instead run in a line to a general area. These type of axons/nerve fibers are called what?

Back 16

Tracts

Front 17

What is the term for everything inside the cell membrane of an axon?

Back 17

Axoplasm

Front 18

What is the term for the cell membrane of an axon?

Back 18

Axolemma

Front 19

What is the name for the area where the axon emerges from the cell body?

Back 19

Axonhillic

Front 20

What does the axonhillic give rise to?

Back 20

First part of the axon (initial segment)

Front 21

What is the name for the area that consists of the axonhillic and the intial segment?

Back 21

Trigger zone (where action potentials are generated)

Front 22

What is the name for the branches given off from the axons?

Back 22

Axon collaterals

Front 23

What is the name for the many small branches found at the ends of axon collaterals?

Back 23

Terminal aborization

Front 24

What is found at the end of each terminal arborization where there is a swelling?

Back 24

Synaptic knob

Front 25

What is the name of the process in which axons are wrapped with electrically insulated cells?

Back 25

Myelination

Front 26

What is the term for axons that have been wrapped with electrically insulated cells?

Back 26

Myelinated

Front 27

What is the name of the cell that wraps an axon keeping it electrically insulated in the peripheral nervous system?

Back 27

Neurolemmacyte (schwann cell)

Front 28

What do a collection of schwann cells form by wrapping almost every part of an axon?

Back 28

Myelin sheath

Front 29

What is the name for the gaps found in between each one of the schwann cells where there is no myelination?

Back 29

Neurofibril nodes (nodes of rambeagh)

Front 30

What is the term for where neurons communicate with each other?

Back 30

Synapse

Front 31

What type of synapse occurs when a neuron interacts with a muscle cell?

Back 31

Neuromuscular syapse

Front 32

What type of synapse occurs when neurons interact with other neurons?

Back 32

Neuronal synapse

Front 33

What type of synapse occurs when neurons interact with glands?

Back 33

Neuroglandular synapse

Front 34

What allows the axons and the cell bodies to communicate with each other and ship materials down to the end of the axon and back?

Back 34

Axoplasmic transport

Front 35

What are the tiny proteins found on the microtubules that assist in the axoplasmic transport system, which form bonds with the microtubules and walk along the microtubules (binding things and then transporting them)?

Back 35

Kinesin proteins

Front 36

What is the name for the transportation of something from the cell body to the end of the neuron (axon terminal)?

Back 36

Anterograde transport (leaving)

Front 37

What is the name for the transportation of something from the end of the neuron (axon terminal) to the cell body?

Back 37

Retrograde transport (returning)

Front 38

What are the two types of axoplasmic transport?

Back 38

1.) Slow axoplasmic/axonal transport (10 mm/day)

2.) Fast axoplasmic/axonal transport (400 mm/day)

Front 39

What does the slow axoplasmic/axonal transport move?

Back 39

Enzymes

Cytoskeletal elements

Components that form the axon and cell membrane

(repairing properties)

Front 40

True/False: Slow axoplasmic/axonal transport is retrograde.

Back 40

False: It is anterograde

Front 41

Why is slow axoplasmic transport good?

Back 41

If you sever a peripheral nerve, you can regrow the tip of the axon (slowly).

Front 42

What does the fast axoplasmic/axonal transport move out?

Back 42

Synaptic vessicles

Neurotransmitters

Mitochondria

Nutrients (glucose and amino acids)

Front 43

True/False: Fast axoplasmic/axonal transport operates both retrograde and anterograde.

Back 43

True

Front 44

What does the fast axoplasmic/axonal transport move back?

Back 44

Empty vesicles

Old worn out cells (mitochondria)

Front 45

What is a negative thing that occurs during fast axoplasmic/axonal transport (retrograde direction)?

Back 45

There are some pathogens that use this transport to get into the central nervous system (tetanus, rabies, polio, and herpes).

Front 46

How are nerve fibers described?

Back 46

The number of processes sticking out of the cell body.

Front 47

What type of nerve fiber has lots of things (lots of dendrites with one axon) sticking out of the cell body and are the most common being found in the brain and spinal cord?

Back 47

Multipolar neuron

Front 48

What type of nerve fiber has only two processes sticking out of the cell body (sensory neurons - olfactory system and auditory system)?

Back 48

Bipolar neuron

Front 49

What type of nerve fiber starts out as a bipolar neuron which then fuses together over time into a single process coming out of the cell body (many apherants - takes in a lot of information)?

Back 49

Unipolar neuron

Front 50

True/False: There are some cells that do not have dendrites and axons.

Back 50

True. They are called anaxonic and are found in the brain, retina, and the adrenal medulla gland, in which they just pass along information.

Front 51

What is the key to taking information in and doing something with it (integrating it)?

Back 51

Arboration

Front 52

True/False: Neurons could function by themselves without the glial cells.

Back 52

False: While the neurons are considered the powerhouse, they would not be able to function without the glial cells.

Front 53

What are considered the glue that support the neurons by giving the neurons structure and holding them into place, but the most important being that they maintain the electrical chemical environment for the neuron so they can function appropriately?

Back 53

Glial cells

Front 54

True/False: Glial cells outnumber the neurons.

Back 54

True: They outnumber them 50:1.

Front 55

What type of glial cell is found making up the hollow spaces of the brain (ventricles) that are filled with fluid, and the hole going down the spinal cord (central canal) in the central nervous system?

Back 55

Ependymal cells

Front 56

What is the name of the fluid produced by the ependymal cells that is critically important to the brain, because it has an unusual chemical characteristic which helps the neurons function correctly, circulates around the outside of the brain causing it to float inside the skull (prevents it from being smashed), and also circulates down throughout and around the spinal cord then back up?

Back 56

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Front 57

What is responsible for making up the cerebrospinal fluid?

Back 57

Ependymal cells

Front 58

What type of glial cells are the most abundant found in the central nervous system that put out cell processes that hold the neurons in place thus organizing them into arrangements, and they also have processes which are sitting on top of the blood vessels that come into the brain that controls what goes into the capillaries and what comes out of the capillaries?

Back 58

Astrocytes

Front 59

True/False: Most glial cells are found in the central nervous system.

Back 59

True

Front 60

What specialized system prevents capillaries from being very leaky when they are in the brain, which prevents the waste products circulating throughout the body from coming into contact with the neurons that are close by?

Back 60

Astrocytes create tight junctions between the capillaries and the tightness causes them to not be so leaky in the brain.

Front 61

What is the name of the barrier produced by the astrocytes?

Back 61

Blood brain barrier

Front 62

What glial cells regulate the extracellular fluid that the neurons are exposed to in the central nervous system?

Back 62

Astrocytes

Front 63

What glial cells regulate blood flow in the brain and secrete growth factors, which are really important for neuronal development in the fetus and children becoming adults?

Back 63

Astrocytes

Front 64

What type of glial cells are very tiny and represent the cleanup crew of the central nervous system, thus are considered macrophages, and cleanup cellular debris?

Back 64

Microglia

Front 65

What type of glial cells consists of many dendrites sticking out which projects a cell process where it then wraps itself around the axon of the neuron, forming the myelin sheath in the central nervous system?

Back 65

Olegodendricytes

Front 66

What myelinates the neurons of the central nervous system?

Back 66

Olegodendricytes

Front 67

What type of glial cells are found in the peripheral nervous system that do the myelinating of axons (myelin sheath)?

Back 67

Schwann cells

Front 68

What type of glial cells are found in the peripheral nervous system which insulate the soma and the ganglia and helps regulate the cellular environment for the neurons?

Back 68

Satellite cells

Front 69

True/False: Neurons die all the time.

Back 69

True: We are consistently loosing brain cells.

Front 70

What is the name for the process that wraps around the axon, electrically insulating the axon making the electrical transmissions much more efficient?

Back 70

Myelination

Front 71

When does the formation of the myelin sheath begin?

Back 71

Week 14 of development and continues all the way through late adolensence

Front 72

What happens during myelination: wrapping around the axon?

Back 72

It squeezes all of the cytoplasm out from between the cell membranes, creating this huge layer of nothing but cell membranes with nothing in between because it has all been squeezed out. This then forms the electrical insulating layer (myelin sheath).

Front 73

What is the outermost layer left on top of the myelin sheath?

Back 73

Living layer of schwann cells (leftover cytoplasm and organelles)

Front 74

What is the term for the outside living layer of the myelin sheath (living part of a schwann cell)?

Back 74

Neurolemma

Front 75

What wraps around the living layer of schwann cells that consists of connective tissue?

Back 75

Endoneuroium

Front 76

True/False: An olegodendricyte cannot create a myelin sheath as good as the schwann cells because it is myelinating lots of different neurons, projecting several processes all over, but the steps in the myelination process are the same, the sheath is just thinner.

Back 76

True

Front 77

True/False: There is always a gap between adjoining pieces of myelin (internodes) and the nodes (nodes of rombei).

Back 77

True

Front 78

True/False: There is endoneurium in the central nervous system.

Back 78

False: They do not have the same outer cytoplasm wrapping, so they do not have endoneurium.

Front 79

What is myelin made up of?

Back 79

Phospholipids (membranes stacked on top of each other)

Front 80

True/False: Areas that are myelinated are shiny and white and consist of axons.

Back 80

True: You do not want to put your kids on a low fat diet because you can disturb the myelination processes.

Front 81

True/False: Areas that are not myelinated are gray and consist of cell bodies, synapses, and dendrites.

Back 81

True

Front 82

What is the name for the collection of cell bodies (bundled together) out in the peripheral nervous system?

Back 82

Ganglia

Front 83

What is the name for the cell bodies found in a particular area of the central nervous system (not bundled together)?

Back 83

Nuclei

Front 84

What are the two main factors that influence signal conduction in the nervous system (moving an electrical signal from one place to another?

Back 84

1. Myelination (presence of myelin sheath)

2. Diameter of the nerve fiber (how wide is the axon)

Front 85

True/False: The bigger the axon the more surface area there is thus the faster the electrical signal will travel down that axon.

Back 85

True

Front 86

True/False: Myelinated neurons carry information a lot slower than neurons that are not myelinated.

Back 86

False: Myelinated neurons carry information faster than unmyelinated neurons.

Front 87

What are some of the largest myelinated neurons in the human body?

Back 87

Pain fibers, because the information needs to be relayed quickly so that something can be done about it (if we are destroying our tissue we need to know about).

Front 88

What is the range of speed of carrying information?

Back 88

0.5 m/sec - 120 m/sec

Front 89

True/False: Myelinating is metabolically expensive and it takes up a lot of space.

Back 89

True