Lecture 4: A Survey Of The Living Primates

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Primates are mammals

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-190 species of non-human primates
-belong to verterbrate class- MAMMALIA

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Order of primates

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2 suborders:
-prosimians
-anthropoidea

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prosimians or prosimil

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suborder includes the superfamilies: lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers

now being called "strepsirhini"

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anthropoids or anthropoidea

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suborder incluces monkeys, apes, and humans

now being called Haplorhini

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primates characteristics

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-fur
-long gestation
-homeothermy
-increased brain size
-capacity to learn and behavioral flexibility

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homeothermy

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ability to maintain constant body temperature

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Characteristics of Primate Limbs

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-erect posture
-hands and feet have grasping ability

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Features of Primate hands and feet

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-5 digits
-opposable thumbs
-partially opposible great toe
-sensory nerve fibers at ends of digits

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primate senses and brains

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-color vision (for diurnal primates)
-depth perception
-decreased reliance on smell
-primate brains expanded; more complex

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primate maturation

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-longer gestation
-reduced number of offspring
-delayed maturation
-extension of life span

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primate learning and behavior

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-dependence on flexible, learned behavior
-live in social groups
-males are permanent members of social groups

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Primate adaptations

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-arboral hypothesis
-vision predation hypothesis
-angiosperm radiation hypothesis

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arboreal hypothesis

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-arboreal living most important factor in evolution of primates
-prehensile hands for climbing
-omnivorous
-generalized dentition

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visual predation hypothesis

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-primates first adapted in shrubby forest and lowest tiers of forest canopy
-forward facing eyes to judge distance when grabbing inscets

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Angiosperm radiation hypothesis

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-traits were developed in conjunction with rise of angiosperms (flowering plants)
-plants provide nectar, seeds, and fruits

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nonhuman primate habitats

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-tropical
-arboreal
-nonhuman primates are NOT adapted to a fully terrestrial environment

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Primate Diet

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-omnivorous
-fruit, leaves, insects

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Human Teeth vs. Monkeys Teeth

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Human = 2-1-2-3

Monkeys = 2-1-3-3

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Dental Formula

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Human maxilla illustrates a dental formula characteristic of Old World Monkeys, Apes, and Humans

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Primate Locomotion

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-most are quadrupedal
-arm swinging (apes)
-prehensile tails (only New World monkeys) is an aid to movement

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Human Chromosome II

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-banding patterns ; similar to chimp chromosomes 12 & 13
-suggests that human chromosome II resulted from fusion of these two ape chromosomes during hominid revolution.

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Prosimians

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-most primitive of primates

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Characteristics of Prosimians

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-rely on smell
-laterally placed eyes
-shorter gestation
-dental specialization

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Lemurs

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-Live in Madagascar and E. African islands
-extinct everywhere else
-larger lemurs are diurnal and eat veggies
-smaller lemurs are nocturnal and insectivorous (insect eating)

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Lorises

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-found in india, sri lanka, southeast Asia and africa

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characteristics of lorises

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-use climbing quadrupedalism
-some insectivorious, some eat fruit, leaves, gums, slugs
-females frequently form associations for foraging or sleeping

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tarsiers

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-small nocturnal primates
-eat insects and small vertebrate
-catch food by leaping from branches
-social pattern: family = mated pair and their offspring