Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What hormone is released by the hypothalamus at the onset of sexual maturity in males and females?
|
GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)
stimulates anterior pituitary gland |
|
|
Where does egg fertilization take place in the Female Reproductive System?
|
Fallopian Tube
|
|
|
What is Circumcision?
|
surgical removal of the Prepuce
|
|
|
3 columns of erectile tissue in penis?
|
2 corpora cavernosa and 1 corpus spongiosum
|
|
|
Glans Penis?
|
distal end of penis slightly enlarged (covered by PREPUSE [foreskin])
|
|
|
What does Luteinizing Hormone (LH) control in MALE reproduction?
|
controls the secretion of testosterone in the Interstitial Endocrincytes
|
|
|
What does Luteinizing Hormone (LH) control in FEMALE reproduction?
|
the functioning of the Ovaries.
|
|
|
What does Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) control in MALE reproduction?
|
carried by blood to testes to stimulate Spermatogenesis
|
|
|
What does Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) control in FEMALE reproduction?
|
helps control ovaries
|
|
|
What does Gonadotropic Releasing Hormone control in MALE reproduction?
|
stimulates Anterior Pituitary Gland
|
|
|
What does Gonadotropic Releasing Hormone control in FEMALE reproduction?
|
Function of Ovaries
|
|
|
Where are Sperm Stored?
|
Epididymis
|
|
|
Rout of Sperm from Creation to Ejaculation =
|
STEVE PMS=
Seminiferous Tubules, Epididymis, Vas deferens, Ejaculatory ducts, Prostatic urethra, Membranous urethra, Spongy urethra. |
|
|
What structures contribute to semen?
|
Fluid of Seminal Vesicles, Fluid of Prostate Gland, Fluid of Bulbourethral Glands, Sperm.
|
|
|
Characteristics of substances contributed to semen from Prostate Gland?
|
milky, white, slightly acidic,
|
|
|
Characteristics of substance contributed to semen from Seminal Vesicles?
|
Alkaline, fructose, prostaglandins
|
|
|
Characteristics of substance contributed to semen from Bulbourethral Gland?
|
alkaline, lubricant
|
|
|
Only form of Birth Control that is 100% affective?
|
abstinence
|
|
|
3 Layers of Uterus? and shape?
|
pear shaped in non-pregnant woman.
1. Perimetrium outer layer 2. Myometrium middle layer (smooth muscle) 3. Endometrium inner layer |
|
|
Finger-like projections part of Tubal wall, near ovary, in Fallopian Tubes?
|
Fimbrae
|
|
|
Tubal Ligation?
|
Female sterilization in which a portion of fallopian tubes are cut or clipped, preventing oocyte from meeting the sperm
|
|
|
What happens on days 1-5 of Menstrual Cycle?
|
(uterus) S. Functionalis detaches producing flow (blood,mucus,cells). S.Basalis remains
(ovary)- 20to25 primordial follicles develop into primary follicles and PRODUCE ESTROGEN. then 5 primary follicles develop into secondary and estrogen production continues |
|
|
What happens on Day 14 of Menstrual Cycle?
|
OVULATION.
(uterus)- s.functionalis continues to thicken in preparation for possible implantation. (ovary)- secondary oocyte expelled into fallopian tube. remaining follicle becomes corpus Luteum, secreting estrogen and progesterone |
|
|
What Happens on days 15-28 of menstrual Cycle?
|
POST OVULATORY
(uterus)- s.functionalis develops under HIGH PROGESTERONE. |
|
|
What happens to Graafian Follicle in development of an OOCYTE?
|
will rupture, releasing secondary oocyte into the Fallopian Tube. This = OVULATION
|
|
|
Development of Oocytes from Primordial to Fertilized Egg?
|
(born) primordial follicles -> primary follicles -> secondary follicles -> 1 secondary becomes Graafian Follicle -> Graafian Ruptures = OVULATION -> ruptured follicles will collapse and = CORPUS LUTEUM -> (end of month) CORPUS ALBICANS
|
|
|
What hormone does Gonads secrete in Males?
|
Sperm
|
|
|
What hormones do Gonads produce in Females?
|
ovaries produce Oocytes
|
|
|
What hormones do Gonads produce in Females?
|
ovaries produce Oocytes
|
|
|
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone secreted by?
|
-secreted by Hypothalamus.
|
|
|
Luteinizing Hormone in males?
|
-secreted by anterior pituitary gland
-carried by blood to INTERSTITIAL ENDOCRINCYTES in testes to secrete Testosterone |
|
|
Follicle Stimulating Hormone in MEN?
|
-Secreted by Anterior Pituitary Gland
-carried by blood to testes -stimulates Spermatogenesis |
|
|
What is the site of production of Estrogen and Progesterone in WOMEN?
|
Ovaries
|
|
|
Follicle Stimulating Hormone in WOMEN?
|
largely increases at puberty
|
|
|
What does the Corpus Luteum produce in Women?
|
Progesterone mainly
|
|
|
What is Human Chorionic Gonadotropin?
|
released by fertilized ovum into blood and signals ovary to continue corpus luteum and progesterone secretion
|
|
|
Birth Control Pills?
|
keeps consistent high hormones, AVOIDING OVULATION.
-must take regularly! |
|
|
Implants (norplants birth control)?
|
small rod implanted into arm.
-slow release of hormones which inhibits ovulation -can remain for 5 years. |
|
|
IUD (intrauterin device) birth control?
|
-placed in uterus
-decreases time that secondary oocytese spends within Fallopian tube -fertilization may occur, but uterus is inhospitable for implantation (no pregnancy) |
|
|
Diaphragm birth control?
|
-dome shaped device fits over cervix, holding spermicidal agent in place.
-need to be fitted by professional |
|
|
Spermicidal agents birth control?
|
-kill sperm
- inserted before intercourse |
|
|
Rhythm Method birth control?
|
refrain from intercourse around ovulation
|
|
|
Temperature method birth control?
|
take temp each day with basal thermometer and chart it. there will be an increase then decrease prior to ovulation. ABSTAIN.
|
|
|
Mucus method Birth control?
|
check viscosity of vaginal mucus. it becomes thinner at times of ovulation. Abstain.
|
|
|
Depo-Provera birth control?
|
contraceptive injection lasts for 3 months.
-contains estrogen and progesterone and INHIBITS OVULATION |
|
|
NUVO RING?
|
inserted into vagina each month for 3 weeks then removed for 1 week (for menstruation).
-releases estrogen and progesterone |
|
|
The patch birth control?
|
placed on womans skin and releases hormones, INHIBITING OVULATION
|
|
|
Condom birth control?
|
latex sheath placed on an erect penis before entering female.
-also helps prevent spread of std's |
|
|
Coitus Interruptus Birth control?
|
withdrawal of penis prior to ejaculation. NOT RECOMMENDED.
|
|
|
Permanent Birth Control ? MALE? FEMALE?
|
male - vasectomy
female- tubal ligation |
|
|
Progesterone and Estrogen in Placenta Formation?
|
these hormones will maintain the endometrial lining and prepare the mammary glands to secrete milk
|
|
|
what is LABOR?
|
process which a fetus is expelled from uterus to vagina and then outside of body is immediately proceeded by an increase in hormones like estrogen, prostaglandins, and oxytocin.
|
|
|
What does the Corpus Luteum do during a pregnancy?
|
produces progesterone, maintains lining.
|
|
|
5 functions of Respiratory System?
|
1. Gas exchange-inhaling, oxygen from lungs enters blood and co2 from cells enters lungs
2. regulation of pH of blood- accomplished by changing co2levels 3. voice production-by air moving past vocal chords in throat 4. olfaction-when molecules drawn to nasal area, this occurs 5. protection- cilia and macrophages offer protection to bodyfrom outside invaders |
|
|
when air enters nose what 3 things happens to it?
|
filtration, warmed, moisturized
|
|
|
what is the Uvula? What does it do?
|
hangs in back of throat. extention of soft palate.
-keeps food from coming up nasal cavity from oral cavity |
|
|
Histology of Trachea?
|
-extends from larynx to primary bronchi.
-composed of smooth muscle and c- shaped hyaline cartilage rings. -lined with Pseudostratified Ciliated columnar Epithelium |
|
|
What kind of epithelium is the Trachea lined with?
|
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
|
|
|
What is the Carina?
|
internal ridge where Trachea divides into r. and l. primary bronchi
very sensitive when irritated, can trigger cough |
|
|
what is Pneumothorax?
|
parietal pleura and visceral pleura are detatched from each other and portion of pleural cavity fills with air (COLLAPSED/RUPTURED LUNG)
affects pressure exchange (boyles law) |
|
|
What are Septal Cells?
|
found within Alveoli. produce SURFACTANT (which prohibits internal lung surfaces from sticking to eachother)
|
|
|
What does SURFACTANT DO?
|
prohibits internal lung surfaces from sticking to eachother
|
|
|
What is Tidal Volume vs. Vital Capacity?
|
tidal: how much air inhaled for relaxed breath
vidal: forced air exaled out |
|
|
What is Carbonic Annydrase?
|
enzyme allows carbon dioxide to be carried in plasma
|
|
|
What is Chloride Shift?
|
2 ways oxygen is carried in blood
Grabbed by Hemoglobin or Dissolved in Blood. |
|
|
What affects rate of Respiration?
|
Tempurature, pain, stretching anal sphincter muscle
|
|
|
What parts are involved in males reproductive anatomy?
|
testes, system of ducts, scrotum, penis, sex glands...all in PERINEUM.
|
|
|
What is Perineum?
|
area between thighs, bound anteriorly by pubic symphysis and posteriorly by coccyx
|
|
|
What is Scrotum?
|
outpouching of abdomen that supports testes.
|
|
|
Testes?
|
pair of oval shaped glands found IN scrotum. male gonads. develop high on embryo's abdominal wall and descend into scrotum through INGUINAL CANALS during month 7 or 8 of gestation
|
|
|
SPERM?
|
male gamete, develop about 300milllion per day. once ejaculated, will live in female reproductive system for about 48 hours.
|
|
|
3 regions of sperm?
|
HEAD (contains chromosomes),
ACROSOME (contains enzymes), MIDPIECE (contains mitochondria), FLAGELLUM (tail used to move) |
|
|
PENIS?
|
organ that places gametes within female reproductive tract. responsible for urination
|
|
|
what does the female reproductive system include?
|
ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina
|
|
|
OVARIES?
|
female gonads located in upper pelvic cavity on both sides of uterus
-function controled by hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland |
|
|
FALLOPIAN TUBES?
|
tube located near ovary that will transport released secondary oocyte towards uterus.
|
|
|
What is the site of Fertilization in Female?
|
FALLOPIAN TUBES
|
|
|
UTERUS?
|
functions in transport of spermatazoa, menstruation, implantation of fertilized ovum, development of fetus during pregnancy
|
|
|
Endometrium of uterus (2 layers of it)
|
stratum functionalis: layer that is closest to uterine lumen. shed during monthly menses and reestablishes each month
stratum basalis: permanent layer of tissue under stratum functionalis. produces new stratum functionalis each month. |
|
|
VAGINA?
|
thin walled fibromuscular tube is a passageway that extends from cervix to outside of vagina. passageway for sperm, menstrual blood, and child delivery vaginally
|
|
|
thin fold of vascularized mucous membrane the vagina is often partially covered by?
|
HYMEN
|
|
|
Mons Pubis?
|
fatty rounded area overlying the pubic symphysis
|
|
|
Labia Majora?
|
2 elongated adipose folds extend inferiorly and posteriorly from mons pubis.
contain oil and sweat glands. homologous to male scrotum |
|
|
Labia Minora?
|
2 thin delicate mucosal folds, medial to labia majora
|
|
|
Clitoris?
|
small protruding structure composed of erectile tissue. homologous to male penis.
|
|
|
what is menarche?
|
first episode of menstruation
|
|
|
waht is menstruation?
|
discharge of blood and elements of the uterine and mucous membrane
|
|
|
what is menstural cycle?
|
changes that occur in the uterus and ewsult in ovulation and menstruation.
|
|
|
What is Internal Respiration?
|
exchange of 02 and co2 between blood and cells of body
|
|
|
What is External respiration?
|
exchange of o2 and co2 between air in alveoli and blood in capillaries
|
|
|
Pulmonary ventilation? consists of what 2 things?
|
inspiration and expiration.
inspiration = inhalation exparation = exhalation |
|
|
inhalation vs. exhalation?
|
inhalation = bringing air into lungs. diaphragm moves downward
exhalation = air movement out of lungs. b |
|
|
What is the Cremaster muscle?
|
raising and lowering of testes and scrotum when hot/cold.
pulls testes out of abdomen. SMOOTHE MUSCLE |
|
|
What is Cremaster muscle?
|
smooth muscle, elevates testes. closer and move away from body when hot/cold.
|
|
|
What is Cryptorchidism?
|
testes do not move. can result in sterility later in life and testicular cancer.
treated with hormones or surgery |
|
|
Why are testicles located outside of the abdominal cavity in the scrotum?
|
tempurature control.
can not make sperm unless at 92 or 93 degrees celcius |
|
|
What is the function of ejaculatory duct?
|
mixes sperm with secretions and activates sperm
|
|
|
Why do sperm have to be capacitated before they can fertilize an oocyte? and how does capacitation occur?
|
occurs in female reproductive tract. they have to hit the acidity in the female reproductive tract otherwise can't penetrate because not fully mature
|
|
|
What are Sustentacular Cells?
|
irregularly shaped cells that protect and nourish developing sperm.
|
|
|
When is Placenta fully functional?
|
3-4months
|
|
|
When do females start producing oocytes?
|
during gestation
|
|
|
when do males start producing sperm?
|
at puberty
|
|
|
compare and contrast gamete production in males and females? diffrences as males and females age?
|
females are half done at birth
males start at puberty |
|
|
What is Tunica Albuginia?
|
covers the reproductive organs
|
|
|
What is Ectopic Pregnancy?
|
in wrong place. commonly in Fallopian tubes
|
|
|
How do gases pass across the respiratory membrane? what substances are necessary?
|
by Simple Diffusion.
from higher to lower pressure. |
|
|
How is o2 transported in the blood?
|
lungs will fill with air at birth, o2 will begin to diffuse from alveoli into blood. goes to different cells
|
|
|
Daltons law?
|
each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure as if all other gases were not present
|
|
|
how is co2 transported in blood?
|
1. dissolved co2: 7% in plasma
2. 23% combines with globin in Hb. 3. 70% of co2 from cells is transferred as a bicarbonate in plasma |
|
|
Function of Phrenic Nerve?
|
stimulates diaphragm (to contract) inhilation
|
|
|
What is Polyspermy?
|
more than one sperm to 1 oocyte at 1 time. (not in humans)
|
|
|
What is the differencec between stratum basalis and stratum functionalis?
|
basalis stays all the time functionalis goes away and is remade by basalis
|
|
|
How do identical twins occur?
|
monozygotic when 1 oocyte is fertilized by 1 sperm, but during development 2 areas of inner cell mass develop individually
|
|
|
How do Fraternal twins occur?
|
dizygotic. 2 separate oocytes and 2 separate sperm.
no more alike than normal brothers and sisters |
|
|
What is Cryptorchidism?
|
doesn't pull testes out of abdominal
|
|
|
Asthma?
|
chronic inflammatory disease that produces spasms of smooth muscle in the walls of smaller bronchi and bronchioles.
coughing, wheezing and excessive secretion of mucus may also be seen. triggers include allergens, some foods, emotional upset. med available, possible geneticl ink |
|
|
Emphysema?
|
long term disease which alveolar walls disintegrate producing large sacs in which air will remain, even with exhaling. due to destruction of elastic fibers.
from smoking |
|
|
Pneumonia?
|
acute inflammation of pleurae or infection of alveoli.
caused by bacteria, fungi, virus, protozoan. most common infectious cause of death in USA. |
|
|
Tuberculosis?
|
inflammation of pleurae and lungs produced by bacterium, mycobacterium tuberculosis.
most often affects lungs but can affect other organs like kidneys. destroys tissue and replaces it with fibrous connective tissue which is thick and not stretchable. killed by sunlight, spread by droplet. |
|
|
How does Boyle's law eplain why gases move into and out of lungs during pulmonary ventilation?
|
pressure of gas in a closed container inversely proportionate to the volume of container
|
