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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Pilocarpine
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A muscarinic agonist that is used to treat glaucoma, dry mouth. It does this by closing tear ducts and increasing salivation by acting locally.Side effects include DUMBELS and seizures;
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What is Atropine
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A muscarinic antagonist that can be used to treat Pilocarpine poisining. Causes symptoms of tachycardia, mydriasis or pupil dilation, dry mouth, bronchodilation, dry eyes and constipation or diarrhoea
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What is Scopolamine
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Another muscarinic antagonist that results in sedation and also causes hallucinations and has anti-emetic effects. Used to treat motion sickness
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What are the crucial steps in ACh neurotransmission in order
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synthesis of transmitter
storage of transmitter release of transmitter interaction of transmitter & receptor removal of transmitter from synapse recovery of postsynaptic membrane (review slides for greater detail) |
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What is Botulinus toxin A used for
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To treat dystonia and wrinkles. Side effects include paralysis and muscle relaxation
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How does Botulinus toxin A change cholinergic transmission
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Botulinus toxin A blocks the fusion of ACh vesicles with the presynaptic terminal membrane. This is done by cleaving the SNARE proteins which dock the vesicle through heavy and light chains
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What are AChE inhibitors and the different types
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indirect parasympathomimetic drugs that increase the effect of ACh by blocking AChE. There are two types reversible and irreversible
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Names of AChE inhibitors and what type they are
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Reversible: Physostigmine and Neostigmine
Irreversible: Insecticides and Organophosphates (soman, sarin) |
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Effects of AChE on the neuromuscular junction
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generate greater muscle tension and the treatment of myasthenia gravis
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Effects of AChE on the muscarinic synapses
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Treatment for glaucoma and GI tract immobility
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Effects of AChE on the CNS
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Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease using donezepil
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Effects of high dosage AChE inhibitors/nerve gas
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DUMBELS
Nicotinic: depolarization block CNS: Seizures and respiratory depression |
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What is Nicotine
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a non-selective agonst of the nicotinic receptor. Very unpredictable physiologically due to receptor involvement of both sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia
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What does Nicotine do
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Increase GI motility and elevate BP
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What happens when someone overdoses on nicotine
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Causes nausea, abdominal cramps, sweating, rapid
breathing, convulsions, coma. Also an extreme outcome would be excessive depolarisation which causes flaccid muscle relaxation |
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How can the effects of nicotine be summarised
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MTWThF
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Elaborate the effects of nicotine based on the summary MTWThF
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Mydriasis
Tachycardia Weakness Thermal excess (Hyperthermia) Fasciculation |
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Trimetaphan
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An antihypertensive drug (only used in crisis)
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What is the role of ganglionic blockers in the parasympathetic and sympathetic NS
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Parasympathetic: Vasoconstriction skin, Vasodilation?, lowered BP
Sympathetic: Increased heart rate. Side effects include constipation and Tachycardia |
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Why are skeletal muscle relexants used during surgery
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To relax jaw muscle during intubation
Relaxed muscles are easier to cut Less damage to relaxed muscles than contracted muscles when cut Ensure immobility during surgery |
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Curare
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natural chemical that is used as a muscle relaxant, but does not destroy the tissue and needs to be injected to have an effect
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What are the types of skeletal muscle relaxants
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depolarising and non-depolarising
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How do skeletal muscle relaxants work
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Depolarising muscle relaxants cause a depolarisation block, which cannot be reversed by AChEI because the muscle is already depolarised without an action potential
Non-depolarising muscle relaxants are competitive antagonists of ACh at nAChR |
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Name skeletal muscle relaxants
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Non-depolarising (tubocurarine and derivatives, e.g.
Atracurium, Rocuronium) depolarising (suxamethonium = succinylcholine) |
