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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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PHB
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energy or metabolite granule induced when low nitrogen levels and high organic levels
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what do prokaryotes have in place of sterols?
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hopanoids
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Peptidoglycan
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polymer of two sugars, NAG and NAM in a beta 1,4 linkage
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nucleiod
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covalently closed circle, haploid. Aggregation of DNA, supercoiled
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Why does the nucleoid structure facilitate coupled transcription and translation?
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bc transcription and translation occur at the same place, ribosome can bind to the mRNA as it is transcribed by the RNA polymerase
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Two ribosomal subunits that make up the 70s ribosome
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50s and 30s
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50s
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31 polypeptides + 5s + 23s rRNA
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30s
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21 polypeptides + 16s rRNA
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Magnetosomes
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cytoplasmic inclusion body, acts like a compass needles. orients bacteria in magnetic field
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Hydrophilic part of phospholipids in cytoplasmic membrane
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glycerol and phosphate
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hydrophobic part of phospholipids in cytoplasmic membrane
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long carbon chain. In bacteria and eukaryotes, fatty acids
in archaea, branched isoprenoids |
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Connection bt hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail in bacteria/eukaryotes
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ester linkage
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Connection bt hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail in archaea
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ether linkage
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Why might an archaea have a monolayer instead of a bilayer cell membrane?
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because a monolayer resists peeling apart at high temperatures
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What gives eukaryotic cytoplasmic membranes their strength?
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sterols
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what gives prokaryotic cytoplasmic membranes their strength?
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Hopanoids (prokaryotes do not have sterols)
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gram positive cell walls
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thicker layer of peptidoglycan, do not have outer membrane
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gram negative cell walls
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thinner layer of peptidoglycan, have an extra outer membrane
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How are sugar chains in the cell wall connected?
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They are crosslinked by amino acids
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peptide bridge in cell walls of gram positive bacteria
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alanine, glutamic acid, lysine
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peptide bridge in cell walls of gram negative bacteria
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diaminopimelic acid. (DAP)
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amino acid connection between sugar chains in gram negative
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DAP to Alanine
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amino acid connection between sugar chains in gram positve
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lysine--> 5 glycine--> D-alanine
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What enzyme makes connections in the cell wall?
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trans-peptidase
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Archaeal Cell wall connections
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NAG to TAL beta 1,3 linkage
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Gram + Archaea
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have a single thick layer for wall
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gram - archaea
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do not have an outer membrane, have surface layer of protein/ glycoprotein
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lysozyme
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cuts beta 1,4 linkages (Nag and NAM)
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Penicillins and Cephalosporins
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bind to the trans-peptidase enzyme (competitive inhibition)
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LPS
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protective barrier, causes disease in other animals
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structure of LPS
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lipid A + polysaccharide (containing core and o-specific)
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How does th OM attach to the CM
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by lipoprotein attached to the OM which is attached to peptidoglycan (C-term of lipoprotein binds to DAP on peptidoglycan
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LamB
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porin specific for maltose
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periplasmic space
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space between OM and CM
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peritrichous flagellum
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inserted all over the cell
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monotrichous flagellum
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single flagellum at one end of the cell
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Lophotrichous flagellum
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multiple flagella attached at one end or the other or both
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Flagellar basal body
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motor. Contains hook, rod, rings, and switches
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Fimbria
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shorter than a pilus, similar to flagellum chemically but not a motor. aids in sticking to surfaces
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pili
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sticking to things, conjugation, twitching motility
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S layer
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cell surface layer composed of one protein, probably involved in permeability
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Capsules, Glycocalyx, and Slime
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permeability control
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chemotaxis
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moving toward (or away from) chemicals
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flagellar rotation is counter-clockwise
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swim
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flagellar rotation is clockwise
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tumble
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