Lecture 22 Gas Exchange

Front 1

what of the four steps to gas exchange?

Back 1

1.Ventillation-air
2.Gas exchange- membrane
3. Circulation- blood
4. Cellular respiration

Front 2

how much of the amosphere is oxygen and how much is nitrogen?

Back 2

21% oxygen
78% Nitrogen

Front 3

Open circulatory system

Back 3

A circulatory system in which the circulating fluid (hemolymph) is not confined to blood vessels.

Front 4

Closed circulatory system

Back 4

A circulatory system in which the circulating fluid (blood) is confined to blood vessels and flows in a continuous circuit.

Front 5

Why are respiratory organs need in larger organisms?

Back 5

The volume of an animals body increases much faster than does its surface area. Respiratory organs provide a greater surface area exchange-enough to meet the demands of a large body filled with cells.

Front 6

Ficks Law of Diffusion

Back 6

A mathematical relationship that describes the rates of gas exchange in animal respiratory systems.

Front 7

What are five parameters that ficks law depends upon?

Back 7

solubility of gas in gas-exchange surface, the temperature, the surface area of available diffusion, the difference in partial pressures, the thickness of the barrier of diffusion

Front 8

operculum

Back 8

The stiff flap of tissue that covers the gills of teleost fishes.

Front 9

Countercurrent exchanger

Back 9

In animals, any anatomical arrangement that allows the maximum transfer of heat or a soluble substance from one fluid to another. The two fluids must be flowing in opposite directions and have a heat or concentration gradient between them.

Front 10

trachea(plural: tracheae)

Back 10

(1) In insects, one of the small air-filled tubes that extend throughout the body and function in gas exchange. (2) In terrestrial vertebrates, the airway connecting the larynx to the bronchi. Also called windpipe

Front 11

what drives negative pressure ventilation?

Back 11

Changes in the volume of the chest cavity caused by contracting of the diaphram and the rib muscle which cause lung to get larger and relaxation which causes lungs to lessen.

Front 12

why are birds efficient breathers?

Back 12

The have multiple sacs, their lungs have a crosscurrent structure. They are continuously ventilating during exhalation and inhalation.

Front 13

oxygen-hemoglobin equilibrium curve

Back 13

The graphical depiction of the percentage of hemoglobin in the blood that will bind to oxygen at various partial pressures of oxygen.

Front 14

cooperative binding

Back 14

The tendency of the protein subunits of hemoglobin to affect each other’s oxygen binding such that each bound oxygen molecule increases the likelihood of further oxygen binding.

Front 15

what happens during excerise?

Back 15

During exercise muscle react with water in blood to form carbonic acid, which dissociates, causing blood ph to drop (more acidic). Temperature also increases.

Front 16

Bohr shift

Back 16

The rightward shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve that occurs with decreasing pH. Results in hemoglobin being more likely to release oxygen in the acidic environment of exercising muscle.

Front 17

when is hemoglobin more likely to release oxygen?

Back 17

During exercise, where co2 concentration is high, ph rises, and tissues are under stress, high temp

Front 18

carbonic anhydrase

Back 18

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid (H2CO3) from carbon dioxide and water.

Front 19

why is the carbonic anhydrase activity in red blood cells important?

Back 19

It induces the Bohr shift, which makes oxygen release oxygen, Secondly, the partial pressure of co2 drops due to conversion to bicarbonate ions creating a partial pressure favoring the entry of co2 into red blood cells

Front 20

how is the problem of small surface area relative to volume solved in larger animals?

Back 20

It is solved through ciruculatory systems

Front 21

artery

Back 21

Any thick-walled blood vessel that carries blood (oxygenated or not) under relatively high pressure away from the heart to organs throughout the body.

Front 22

vein

Back 22

Any blood vessel that carries blood (oxygenated or not) under relatively low pressure from the tissues toward the heart.

Front 23

hemolymph

Back 23

The circulatory fluid of animals with open circulatory systems (e.g., insects) in which the fluid is not confined to blood vessels.

Front 24

Describe open circulatory system

Back 24

One in which hemolyph is actively pumped through out the boy but is not confined exclusively to blood vessels.

Front 25

what is a closed circulatory system

Back 25

One in which blood flows in a continous circuit through the body under pressure generated by the heart

Front 26

what type of animals would have an open cirucluatory system?

Back 26

Animals that are active, because they have a higher need of oxygen and thus an efficent method of transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide out of cells (closed ciruluatory systems can target specific areas that cosume more o2)

Front 27

sphincter

Back 27

A muscular valve that can close off a tube, as in a blood vessel or a part of the digestive tract

Front 28

interstitial fluid

Back 28

The plasma-like fluid found in the region (interstitial space) between cells

Front 29

lymphatic system

Back 29

In vertebrates, a body-wide network of thin-walled ducts (or vessels) and lymph nodes, separate from the circulatory system. Collects excess fluid from body tissues and returns it to the blood; also functions as part of the immune system.

Front 30

lymph

Back 30

The mixture of fluid and white blood cells that circulates through the ducts and lymph nodes of the lymphatic system in vertebrates.

Front 31

atrium(plural: atria)

Back 31

A thin-walled chamber of the heart that receives blood from veins and pumps it to a neighboring chamber

Front 32

ventricle

Back 32

(1) A thick-walled chamber of the heart that receives blood from an atrium and pumps it to the body or to the lungs.

Front 33

Different animal and corresponding heart chambers?

Back 33

Fish hearts have two chambers; amphibians have three; turtle and lizards have five; crocodiles,birds, and mammals have four

Front 34

what are the adaptations terrestrial animals developed in relation to circulation?

Back 34

Terrestrial organism must overcome gravity, so they have higher blood flow, have more chambers, and seperate pumping circuits to withstand high pressures in capillaries and the alveoli.

Front 35

what are the tow separate pumping circuits?

Back 35

*Systemic Circulation- higher pressure circut to and from rest of body.
*Pulmonary Circulation- is a lower-pressure circuit to and from the lung

Front 36

systole

Back 36

The portion of the heartbeat cycle during which the heart muscles are contracting.

Front 37

diastole

Back 37

The portion of the heartbeat cycle during which the atria or ventricles of the heart are relaxed.

Front 38

baroreceptors

Back 38

Specialized nerve cells in the walls of the heart and certain major arteries that detect changes in blood pressure and trigger appropriate responses by the brain.