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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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9 variables of high importance |
-climate change -ocean acidification -biodiversity loss -atmospheric aerosol loading -stratispheric ozonelayer -chemicals dispersion -freshwater consumption and the global hydrological cycle -land system change -notrigen and phosphorous inputs to the biosphere and oceans |
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what are ecosystem services? |
- resources and services derived from nature that bring benefits to humans - that contribute to making human life both possible and worth living |
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examples of ecosystem services |
-pollination -fulfillment of peoples cultural spiritual and intellectural needs -regulation of climate -insect pest control -maintenance and provision of genetic resources -maintenance and regeneration of habitat -provision of shade and shelter -prevention of soil erosion -maintenance of soil fertility |
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Categories of ecosystem services |
1.provisioning services: supply of goods of direct benefit to people 2. regulating services:the range of functions carried out by ecosystems 3.cultural services:contributing to wider needs and desires of society 4, supporting services:essential to the functioning of ecosystems |
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provisioning ecosystem services |
The production of raw materials: - food -fibre (timber, cotton, silk) -fuel -biochemicals -fresh water These are essential inputs into all economic production-->market goods (commodities) |
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Regulating Ecosystem Services |
The regulatory functions of ecosystems: - air quality (purification) -climate regulation (local, global) -water regulation -soil erosion control -biological control (pests and disease) -waste decomposition generally not given a monetary value in conventional markets |
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cultural ecosystem services |
provide wider needs of society: - spiritual and relegious values -aesthetic values -recreation and ecotourism -knowledge systems -social systems -sense-of-place non-material benefits people obtain; generally not considered in conventional markets |
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Supporting Ecosystem Services |
The regulatory functions of ecosystems: - soil creation -pollination and seed dispersal -nutrient cycling -primary productivity (oxygen production) -necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services -impacts are typically indirect or occur over long time scales |
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is biodiversity regarded as an ecosystem service |
no, but rather as a pre-requisite underpinning each of them |
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are there trade-offs to ecosystem services? |
traditional dichotomy of land management lead to large trade-offs; trade-offs still exists under new model of management |
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what are ecosystems worth? |
valuating ecosystem services by assigning them with monetary value is being used as an approach for conservation, land use management and for policy decisions - ex.pollination (1/3 of food comes from wild-pollinated plants) |
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conservation of ecosystem services |
step 1: incorporating value systems into the decision-making process Step 2: engage multidisciplinary communities and multiple stakeholder-->shared knowledge |
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stakeholder use of ecosystem services |
decreased provision of ecosystem services as a result of biodiversity loss is not expected to affect all people in the same way. - different stakeholder consume different ecosystems -global inequity of ES distribution |
