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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Tricarboxylic acid cycle |
Productsof sugar breakdown can be catabolized to CO2 and H2O through this cycle Glucosecatabolism connects with the TCA cycle through pyruvate breakdown to acetyl-CoAand CO2. |
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Info about the TCA |
-Also knownas the Krebs cycle,or citric acid cycle -In prokaryotes,it occurs in the cytoplasm -In eukaryotes,it occurs in the mitochondria. -10 known variations in Bacteria andArchaea |
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Can acetyl-coA come from other sources besides just pyruvate? |
Yes |
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pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). |
large, multisubunit enzyme that catalyzes Conversionof pyruvate to acetyl-CoA |
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PDC activity important because: |
it is a key control point of metabolism, induced when carbon sources are plentiful,and repressed under carbon starvation and lowoxygen. |
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Intermediates/products from TCA -Acetyl coA |
2CO2 3NADH and 1 FADH2 1ATP |
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NADH and FADH2 donate their electrons via: |
aseries of cell membrane proteins -electron transport system (chain) |
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Electrons are transferred from____proteins and cofactors to more___ proteins and cofactors |
REDUCED;OXIDIZED |
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proton motive force (proton potential) |
When someof the membrane proteins use the energy of electron transfer to pump protons,generating a gradient of hydrogen ions across the membrane |
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What is the proton motive force used for? |
ATP synthesis, nutrient transport, flagellar rotation, etc. |
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Oxidative Phosphorylation |
Theoverall process of electron transport and ATP generation |
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The overall process of oxidative catabolism from substrate breakdown to oxidative phosphorylation is a form of: |
respiration |
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___ATP per NADH ___ATP per FADH2 |
3; 2 |
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glyoxalate shunt
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Whenglucose is scarce, cells can catabolize acetate or fatty acids using amodified TCA cycle |
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glyoxalate shunt info: |
-Consists of two enzymes that divertisocitrate to glyoxylate and incorporate a second acetyl-CoAto form malate. -Malate can regenerate oxaloacetate to complete the cycle -Alternatively, malate or oxaloacetate can be diverted into biosynthesisof glucose (gluconeogenesis) -Cuts out all loss of CO2 and electron transfer to energycarriers, with the exception of 1 FADH2and possibly 1 NADH from malate to oxalacetate |
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•Similarto glycolysis, theTCA cycle is an _____ pathway that provides substrates for biosynthesis |
amphibolic |
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Substrate 1: 2-oxoglutarate |
-->animated --> glutamate -- > glutamine |
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Substrate 2: Oxaloacetate |
--> animatedto form asparate |
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Pollutant Aerobic activation by : |
•Hydroxylation- insertion of 1 or 2 oxygen atoms into the molecule catalyzed by eithermonooxygenases or dioxygenases, respectively.•Sometimesepoxidation |
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Why is oxygen required for aerobic activation? |
because the organism needs it as a TEA and because it serves as a reactant inthe activation step. |
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Examples of products of aromatichydrocarbon degradation: aerobic |
–catechol and benzoate which are further broken down to pyruvate, acetaldehyde or beta-ketoadipate --> funneled into other pathways. |
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Products of alkane degradation: alcohols |
–alcoholswhichare eventually converted to fattyacids thatenter beta-oxidation --> acetate (acetyl-CoA) --> funneled into other central pathways. |
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Pullutant anaerobic activation by: |
•Additionto fumarate •Carboxylation •Anaerobichydroxylation using H2O •Methylationfollowed by other reactions such as addition to fumarate |
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Examples of products of monoaromatichydrocarbon degradation: anaerobic |
–acetyl-CoA --> funneled into central pathways. |
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Examples of products of NAP/2MNAPdegradation: anaerobic |
2-Naphthoic acid --> eventually to CO2 |
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Examples of products of alkanedegradation: anaerobic |
fatty acids thateventually enter beta-oxidation --> acetate (acetyl-CoA) --> funneled into other central pathways. |
