Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Superprecocial |
Wholly independent like black headed ducks |
|
|
Precocial |
Hatchlings leave nest immediately but follow parents around for help with foraging |
|
|
Subprecocial |
Hatchlings leave nest immediately and follow their parents. Fed directly by parents like loons and cranes |
|
|
Semiprecocial |
Hatchlings capable of thermoregulation and mobile but stay in the best. Fed by parents. Gulls and terns |
|
|
Semialtricial |
Hatchlings stay in nest but can leave in a few days physically. Fed and brooded by parents such as albatross and hawks. Have down and sight |
|
|
Altricial |
Naked blind and helpless hatchlings. Song birds, Woodpeckers, kingfisher, pigeons and parrots |
|
|
When a nestling is able to leave but not fully capable of fight, has acquired flight feathers |
Fledge |
|
|
Passerines fledgling period |
9 days to fledge 17 days to be efficient 28 days for independence |
|
|
Have special pouches with folds for carrying young across water and even during flight |
Sungrebes |
|
|
Begging is both vocal and non vocal... Behaviours include.. |
Gaping, stretching, flapping, vocalizations, pole positionung |
|
|
Cost of begging |
Energetic in individuals Attracts predators at shared cost |
|
|
Costs of begging higher in the sun |
Barbs study on nestlings |
|
|
Begging for communication |
Between parent and offspring |
|
|
Begging for manipulation |
Manipulate parents to go get food |
|
|
Begging in competition |
Intrabrood competition |
|
|
Relative begging |
Compared to begging of the rest of the brood |
|
|
Vigorous begging leads to... |
Being fed more by parents |
|
|
Hungrier nestling beg.. |
More vigorously |
|
|
Vigorous begging by siblings results in... |
A more vigorous begging response from siblings |
|
|
Relative begging is important bdcause |
If a sibling is begging that will I fkuence the other sibling to beg |
|
|
Scramble competition |
Competition between nest mates. No violent interaction, but begging intensity is important. Is interference if one head is higher or in front but not aggressive |
|
|
Indirect benefits associated with inclusive fitness |
When nestlings are related, they are in competition with each other but what contains them from begging so much their siblings do not survive? Hamilton's rule of begging relatedness |
|
|
Siblicide |
Juvenile mortality resulting from overt aggression by siblings. Very clear aggression important. For brood reduction. Parents often do not intervene as they may have setup this system |
|
|
5 characteristics of siblicidal birds |
Competitive disparity Food in small units Weaponry Comp for food Spatial confinement. Last 4 essential for sibling aggression |
|
|
Spatial confinement fr aggression |
Nowhere for siblings to escape to |
|
|
Weaponry in aggression in siblicide |
Chick's have some firm of this to use against sibling such as a beak |
|
|
Food in small units when... |
Regurgitating in small amounts |
|
|
What is the function of begging by siblicidal specirs |
Difference with intensity of begging, location of food and timing. |
|
|
Subordinate chick's beg |
Less frequently, from a less favorable location in the nest |
|
|
In siblicidal species the begging function |
Food is fixed and does not increase with begging |
|
|
Function of aggression in siblicidal species |
Agonistic hierarchy forms. Dominant chick's subdue siblings and dominate food supply. Suppresses nest mate begging |
|
|
Facultative siblicide |
Junior chick's more likely to die than senior. Depends on food supply |
|
|
Conditioning in subordinate sibling |
Won't beg even when aggression stops |
|
|
Cattle egret siblicide |
Is facultative |
|
|
Obligate siblicide |
Only one chick of two eggs survives even if food is not limiting. Lays two eggs incase something happens to one |
|
|
Black eagle siblicide |
Peck sibling to death |
|
|
Parents do not intervene in siblicide because... |
Parent may benefit Might appease the senior offspring instead of make them more aggressive |
|
|
Reproductive value of junior offsprinf |
Extra offspring survives if conditions are good in facultative siblicide Insurance for obligate and facultative siblicidal species |
|
|
Nazca boobie and cycle of violence |
More likely to be abusers if they were abused themselves First evidence that child abuse can be socially transmitted down generations Abuse as a juvenile raises level of stress hormone and they later trigger aggressive behavior. Completing a cycle of violence |
