Lecture 2 Vertebral Column

Front 1

Functions of the vertebral column

Back 1

protect spinal cord, support skull, attachment for ribs, muscles and ligaments

Front 2

how many vertebrae

Back 2

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
4 coccygeal

Front 3

primary curvatures

Back 3

present at birth, concave
thoracic and sacral

Front 4

secondary curvatures

Back 4

develop after birth, convex
cervical and lumbar

Front 5

kyphosis

Back 5

throacic curvature exagerated- eigor

Front 6

lordosis

Back 6

exaggerated lumbar

Front 7

scoliosis

Back 7

abnormal lateral curvature

Front 8

what part of the vertebra supports the weight of the body

Back 8

anterior (body)

Front 9

what part of the vertebra portects the spinal cord

Back 9

vertebral arch

Front 10

what is a pedicle

Back 10

connects the lamina to the body

Front 11

lamina

Back 11

connect pedicles to spinal process

Front 12

vertebral foramen

Back 12

opening formed by the vertebral body and vertebral arch

Front 13

vertebral canal

Back 13

adjacent vertebral foramena
contains the spinal cord and meninges

Front 14

spinous process

Back 14

one, dorsal aspect of the vertebra, connected to vertebral arch

Front 15

transverse process

Back 15

two, in cervacle vertabrae contain transverse foramen,

Front 16

superior transverse processes

Back 16

makes space to attach vertebrae together

Front 17

inferior transverse processes

Back 17

space to attach vertebrae

Front 18

superior vertebral notch

Back 18

indentation of the body and superior articular process

Front 19

inferior vertebral notch

Back 19

indentation of the pedicl

Front 20

intervertebral foramen

Back 20

adjacent superior and inferior vertebral notches
spinal nerve or roots pass through
may contain root ganglion

Front 21

Cervical vertebrae

Back 21

7
small oval bodies
bifid
transverse processes contain foramen and have anterior and posterior tubercles
transverse plane articular surfaces

Front 22

transverse processes of cervical vertebrae

Back 22

contain foramen, anterior and posterior tubercles

Front 23

forament of the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae

Back 23

vertabral artery travels toward the brain in the foramen

Front 24

anterior and posterior tubercles of the cervical vertebrae

Back 24

form a groove for the exiting spinal nerve

Front 25

articular surfaces/facets of the cervical vertabrae

Back 25

transverse plain prevents excessive extension

Front 26

Atlas vertebra

Back 26

supports the occipital condyles of the skull at it superior articular process/facet or lateral mass
no spinous process

Front 27

Axis vertebra

Back 27

bifid spinous process
dens/odontoid-point of rotation for the skull

Front 28

how is the dens/odontoid held in place

Back 28

the transverse ligament of the atlas

Front 29

Thoracic vertebrae

Back 29

12, heart shaped bodies, long oblique caudally spinous processes, articulates with ribs, coronal plane for articular surfaces/facets

Front 30

the name of the facets the articulate with the ribs on the thoracic vertebrae

Back 30

costal surfaces/facets

Front 31

describe the costal sufaces/facets of the thoracic vertebrae

Back 31

one or more on the body for articulation of the head of the rib
one on the transverse process for the tubercle of the rib

Front 32

plane of intervertebral articular surfaces/facets on articular processes

Back 32

coronal plane, prevents extension

Front 33

lumbar vertebrae

Back 33

5, large bodies, short spinous process, extra process for attachment of muscles,

Front 34

extra processes of the lumbar vertebrae

Back 34

mammillary process located on the superior articular process

accessory process located on transverse process

Front 35

intervertebral articular facets closest to the...

Back 35

saggital plane...limit rotation

Front 36

sacral vertebrae

Back 36

5, fused, articulates with the illieum, sacral canal

Front 37

coccygeal certebrae

Back 37

3 or 4, fused small vertebral arch is incomplete

Front 38

articular processes of adjacent vertebrae are what type of joint

Back 38

synovial

Front 39

synovial joint

Back 39

surrounded by capsular ligaments, cavity, surface of articular process covered with hyaline cartilage

Front 40

intervertabral disks

Back 40

separate vertebrae bodies, consist of annulus fibrosus, and nucleus pulposus (gelatinous with high water content)

Front 41

intervertabral disk ligaments

Back 41

anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

Front 42

anterior longitudinal ligament

Back 42

runs on the anterior surface of the boedies of the vertebrae from C1-sacrum

Front 43

posterior longitudinal ligament

Back 43

runs on the posterior surface of the bodies of the vertebrae from the axis to the sacrum
found within the vertebral canal
broadens over the disks, narrows over bodies

Front 44

ligamentum flavum

Back 44

yellow elastic ligament attaching lamina to lamina of adjacent vertebrae
found in the vertebral canal
estends traversely from the midline to the articular processes

Front 45

supraspinous ligament

Back 45

connects spinous processes from C7 to sacrum

Front 46

capsular ligaments

Back 46

surround synovial joints between adjacent articular processes inferiorly and superiorly

Front 47

interpsinous and intertransverse ligaments

Back 47

adjacent spinous and transverse processes joined by

Front 48

craniovertebral joints

Back 48

atlantooccipital joints
atlantoaxial joints

Front 49

atlantooccipital joints

Back 49

articulations between the superior articular process/lateral masses of C1 and the occipital condyles of the skull

permits flexion and extension

Front 50

anterior and posterior antlantooccipital membranes

Back 50

connect the margins of the foramen magnum of the skull and the anterior and posterior arches of C1

Front 51

transverse ligament of the atlas

Back 51

extend between the superior articular porcesses/lateral masses of C1 to hold the dens/odontoid process of C2 against the anterior arch of c1

Front 52

cruciform ligament

Back 52

formed by bands of the transverse ligament that extend to the bodu of C2

Front 53

alar ligaments

Back 53

extend from sides of dens to lateral margin of foramen mangnum- check side to side movement of the head

Front 54

tectorial ligament

Back 54

continuation of posterior longitudinal ligament

Front 55

atlantoaxial joints

Back 55

two lateral and one medial synovial joints

Front 56

two lateral joints of the atlantoaxial joint

Back 56

between superior articulary processes.lateral masses of cv1 and cv2

Front 57

one medial joint of the atlantoaxial joint

Back 57

between the dens of c2 and anterior arch of C1

Front 58

atlantoaxial joint

Back 58

permits head to move side to side, skull and c1 rotate as one unit on c2, medial joint is the pivot joint

Front 59

spinal cord ventral horn

Back 59

motor

Front 60

spinal cord dorsal horn

Back 60

sensory

Front 61

lateral horn

Back 61

ANS

Front 62

PNS

Back 62

cranial and spinal nerves
8 cervical
12 thoracic (3-11 are typical)
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1-2 coccygeal

Front 63

dorsal and ventral roots

Back 63

attaches to spinal cord, individual nerve fibers that carry info in and out of the spinal cord,

Front 64

dorsal root

Back 64

afferent, sensory, cell bodies are in the spinal ganglion, or dorsal root ganglion

end in sensory organs or as free endings

there is not synapse between the stimulus and the spinal cord

Front 65

ventral root

Back 65

carry impulses to voluntary muscles, cell bodies are inside of spinal cord, no synapses with other neurons, contains motor fibers of the ANS

Front 66

spinal nerver

Back 66

formed by dorsal and ventral roots, less than a centimeter in length, devides into dorsal and ventral rami

Front 67

dorsal primary ramus

Back 67

innervates the deep muscles of the back and the skin over them

receives sensory stimuli from all the tissues in the posterior part of the segment to which it belongs

Front 68

anterior ramus

Back 68

anterior aspect of the body
recieves sensory stimuli- side (lateral cutaneous branch) and front anterior cutaneous branch

near origin two communicating rami arise

Front 69

two communicating rami of the anterior ramus

Back 69

white-autonomic fivers to the symoathetic trunk from anterior ramus

gray- carries fibers from the sumpathetic trunk to the ventral rami

Front 70

plexuses of the anterior ramus

Back 70

cervical (c1-4)
brachial (c5-t1)
lumbar(L1-L4)
sacral (l4-s4)

Front 71

Dermatome

Back 71

area of skin supplied by a single spinal cord segment or level

Front 72

contents of vertebral canal

Back 72

spinal cord, nerve roots, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, extra dural fat and a venous plexus

Front 73

spinal cord

Back 73

extends from brain stem to between L1/L2, exit the spinal cord and join to form the spinal nerve at the appropriate intervertebral foramen, taper to form the conuse medullaris

Front 74

roots

Back 74

esit spinal cord and join to form the spinal nerve at the apporpriate intervertebral junction, cauda equina in the lumbar and upper sacral region

Front 75

meninges

Back 75

dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia matter

Front 76

dura matter

Back 76

tough, outermost covering of the spinal cord, sepparated from the arachnoid mater by a narrow subdural space, attached at the foramen magnum and to the coccyx by the coccygeal ligament

Front 77

arachnoid membrane

Back 77

suparated from the pia by the subarachnoid space, contains 150 mL of cerebrospinal fluid (produced in the ventricles by the brain by the choroid plexus), delicate spider web like structure

Front 78

pia matter

Back 78

innermost layer directly covering the spinal cord
denticulate ligaments- lateral extension of pia that anchor the pinal cord to the dura mater

Front 79

filum terminale

Back 79

extension of pian from the conus medullaris which extends to the endo of the subarachnoid space/dura sax at sv2 and continues as the coccgeal ligament