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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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decreased motor output/postural recumbence
decreased awareness increase threshold to sensory inputs *above three characterize |
sleep
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is S rapidly reversible
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yes
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2 types of sleep
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NREM-->quiet sleep
REM-->paradoxical,active,desync sleep *mammals and birds show both *two types alternate with regular species specific period (oscillator) |
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EEG set up
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electrodes (connected to amp) measure variation in voltage
reflects post synaptic membrane potential in cortical neurons integrates many neuron signals *limitation=poor spatial resolution *advantage=fast, simply, cheap |
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Berger-->first human EEG recordings
α rhythm (Bergers wave)= β rhythm= |
eye closed/relax W
eyes open, lower voltage/higher freq *The α rhythm is replaced by the β rhythm upon eye opening (α blockade) and by a higher voltage, lower frequency activity upon falling asleep |
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PSG
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-EEG+EOG+EMG
-represent basis of sleep stage scoring -use freq, amp, pattern of waves to 1) see if person is W or S 2) categorize by stage the depth of sleep |
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using standardized criteria sleep stages in humans have been _____ scored
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visually
*following R&K system |
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importance of R&K system
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consensus achieved allowing research to advance
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R&K system
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2 EOG, 1EEG, 1EMG
paper recordings A1/2=reference electrodes, place on ear or mastoid stages: W, NREMS (1-4), REMS |
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AASM define stages as
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W
N1,2,3 (NREM stages) R (REM) |
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modern PSG electrode placement
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EOG: 2 or 4, 1 reference
EEG: 21 (19scalp+2 ref) in 10-20 system EMG: 2 +1 ref |
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10-20 system
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-Measurements on the skull using these landmark points
(nasion, inion, preauricular point) -subdivided into smaller distances based on 10% or 20% increments of the total distances, in the order 10‐20‐20‐20‐20‐10 |
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describe primary measurements
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on sagittal plane: nasion to inion (vertex=half way point)
coronal plane: preauricular one one side to other side (pass thru vertex) horizontal plane:from a point 10% up from the nasion to a point 10% up from the nasion, passing 10% up from the preauricular position |
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how name electrodes
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1)F=frontal, C=central (central sulcus) T=temporal, P=parietal, O=occipital
2) follow by lower case letter (p=front polar, z=middle region) or # (odd=left hemisphere, even=right hemi) *# increase as more lateral or post |
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__(2) are nasopharingeal
electrodes, record from the inferior and mesial temporal lobe and the orbitofrontal cortex |
Pg1 and Pg2
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some reference points for EEG's
Pre‐auricular points ___(2) or mastoid points (2) |
A1 and A2
M1 and M2 (behind ears on mastoid process) |
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montage=
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electrode placement pattern
each montage determines collection of “channels” or “derivation”, each derived from two electrodes |
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Referential montages=
Bipolar montages= |
-each electrode compared to
a single reference point. The ipsilateral ear/mastoid or the vertex (Cz) are often used - the voltage difference is measure between one electrode and the next in a “chain” *both allow to localize an EEG activity |
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Old Grass polysomnographers
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paper/ink recording very long
more used in animal research *now signals put into comp |
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derivates of EEG (2)
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evoked potentials (EP)
event related potentials (ERP) |
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PSG can also
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measure many other physiological variables ex) HR
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nasal and oral thermistors measure
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airflow
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strain gauge, inductance plethysmography measure
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breathing/respiration rate
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emg can monitor bruxism ie
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excessive grinding of the teeth and/or excessive clenching of the jaw
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oximetry used to measure
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O2 blood saturation
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EEG records rhythmic
EEG: ongoing ____ and ____ that stand out from the background brain waves characterized by (3) freq= amp= |
-fluctuating potentials
-background activity, specific events -freq, amp, morphology -between successive peaks (or troughs) of waves, measured in Hz, cycles/sec,or cps -magnitude of electrical potential change between such waves’ peaks and troughs, measured in μV |
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list in ascending order of freq the different types of pattern of waves
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delta, theta, alpha, beta
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other waves:
Slow waves γ, gamma wave phasic/transient tonic combination waves some define___others non specific |
-delta waves but <2Hz
-related to awareness (higher than Beta freq approx 40 Hz) -bursts -background activity -sleep stages |
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morphology
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shape of a particular wave or group of waves, reflecting both
their frequency and amplitude |
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vertex sharp wave:
-high___waves -can be mono or biphasic w/ major component being____ -last____seconds -record them from____ -occur during |
-amplitude
-negative polarity (upward) - 0.1-0.2 -vertex -N1 |
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sleep spindles (sigma waves):
spikes appear as last___sec recorded from___ occur during have a____morphology |
-clusters
- 0.5 -central -N2 -waning/waxing ie volt increases and decreases |
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K complexes:
___waves --> last at least__seconds record from occur during |
-biphasic :
have large (-) going up followed by (+) wave going down - 0.5 - frontal -N2 |
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sawtooth waves:
describe waves recorded from(2) occur during |
-3 or more waves, slow increase steep decrease, low/medium freq
-vertex and frontal -REM (only typical eeg pattern of rem) |
