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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Organic Chemistry |
Any carbon containing compound CHON Elements |
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Biochemistry |
(Smaller Section of O Chem), Chemistry of living system, most important compounds are CHON Elements which have similar features and are relatively small. |
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What determines the chemical properties of an element? |
How orbitals are filled and what their valence number is. |
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Valence |
The number of electrons/ Bonds an atom can make. |
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Polar Covalent Bonds |
A bond with electrons that are not shared equally. |
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Non-Polar Covalent BOnd |
A bond where the electrons are shared equally. |
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Electronegativity |
The polar attraction that CHON elements give off due to their large positive nucleus that has the ability to attract its own electrons and other electrons |
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What defines a bond strength? |
The amount of energy it takes to break them apart. Bond energies are mesasured in cal or kcal |
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Calorie |
Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of water 1⁰C (Cal = kcal) |
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What is the relationship between bond strength and molecular weight? |
There is an inverse relationship between bond strength and molecular weight of elements involved in a bond. The heavier the molecule indeed to carbon the weaker the bond. |
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What is the relationship between wavelength and energy? |
There is an inverse relationship between wavelength and energy. The higher the energy the smaller the wavelength required to break a bond. |
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Sterioisomers |
Two atoms with the same molecular components but different spatial configurations for the same bonded atoms |
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Properties of Water |
- Polarity - Cohesion (Surface Tension, Boiling Point) - Adhesion - High Specific Heat Capacity - Heat of vaporization (Coolant) - Water has a high temperature stabilizing capacity |
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Hydrophilic |
Water Loving |
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Hydrophobic |
Water fearing, non polar, fat or lipid |
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What characteristics should a selectively permeable membrane have. |
- Impermeable to much of the cell contents. - Not completely impermeable - Insoluble in water - Permeable to water. |
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What does the cellular membrane consist of of? |
Phospholipids, glycolipids, and membrane proteins. |
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What are the types of sterols in Animals & Plants |
Cholesterol in Animals Phytosterols in Plants |
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Amphipathic |
Have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions |
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Phospholipid Structure |
- A polar Head: Negatively charged phosphate group linked to a positively charger group. - Two nonpolar hydrocarbon tails. |
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What are the 4 macromolecules? |
- Proteins - Nucleic Acids - Polysaccharides - Lipids |
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Macromolecule |
Any very large organic molecule, usually made up of smaller molecules (monomers) joined together into a polymer. The main biological macromolecules are proteins nucleus acids & polysaccharides. |
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Macromolecule |
Any very large organic molecule, usually made up of smaller molecules (monomers) joined together into a polymer. The main biological macromolecules are proteins nucleus acids & polysaccharides. |
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Steps to Producing Macromolecules |
- Monomer activation - Monomer Condesnation - Polymerization |
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The Principle of self-assembly states |
Information needed to specify the folding of macromolecules and their interactions to form complex structures is inherent in the polyerms themselves |
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Spontaneous Refolding of Ribonuclease following desaturation. |
- Denaturation - Renaturation |
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Denaturation |
First, the folded polypeptide was exposed to denaturing condtions (heating) that disrupted noncovalent interactions between its amino acid $ groups, resulting in a ribonuclease molecule with no fixed shape and no enzymatic activity. |
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Renaturation |
Renaturing conditions (cooling) allowed renewed interactions between the amino acid R groups. The polypeptide returned spontaneously to its native conformation, regaining enzymatic activity. |
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Chaperones |
Assist with the assembly process of proteins, assisted self assembly |
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What factors aid in macromolecules assembly? |
Non-covalent bonds and interactions play important roles in macromolecule assembly. - H Bonds, Ionic BOnds, Van see Waals interaction, Hydrophobic interactions. |
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What factors aid in macromolecules assembly? |
Non-covalent bonds and interactions play important roles in macromolecule assembly. - H Bonds, Ionic BOnds, Van see Waals interaction, Hydrophobic interactions. |
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What are the advantages of hierarchy’s assembly? |
- Chemical simplicity and efficiency - Quality control at multiple levels. |
