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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Attention is... |
the brain's ability to self regulate input from the environment |
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two types of attention |
1. sustained attention (alertness) 2. selective attention |
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Sustained attention |
arousal (continuum from drowsy to attentive) - declines over long watch |
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Selective attention |
we are limited in the no. of stimuli we can process |
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The cocktail party problem (Cherry 1953) |
- how can we pick out one conversation from background picking out = sound energy at ear translated to understanding translation is selective - not all stimuli treated equally * what happens to unattended messages? |
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Dichotic listening and shadowing |
diff input in each year, attend to only one message. Test on the unattended message |
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Unattended message |
only physical features perceived eg type of voice * Semantic content not processed (language, meaning) in limited capacity chanel |
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Preattentive processes vs focal attention |
Sensory/physical features can be processed preattentively but meaning requires focal attention |
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Criticism of Cherry |
rather than looking at what is perceived, Cherry looked at what is remembered... You be perceiving smth, but forgot what you perceived... |
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Filter theory (Broadbent, 1958) |
Attention acts as a filter to select stimuli for further processing - meaning is extracted in the limited capacity channel - a filter protects the channel from overload - all stimuli are stored briefly in the Short Term Store *There is a raw acoustic trace which decays quickly if not selected. |
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Evidence for Filter Theory |
Split-Span experiments - interaction of STS and filter hear 176 in left, 852 in right simultaneously |
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Why did Broadbent think there was a stage of very Short term memory before the filter? |
Because people preferred 'ear by ear' recall, not temporal Ear-by-ear recall required only a single filter switch, and sowas more efficient than recall in temporal order (which required five). |
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Meaning requires access to ... |
the limited capacity channel which is only extracted if the stimulus is attended |
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Early vs late selection debate |
Disagreement about location of filter and its properties |
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'Dear Aunt Jane' experiment
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- split-span with meaningful content > prefer recall follows semantic context, not presentation to ear |
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Moray (1959)- person's name |
name often detected on unattended channel > notconsistent with idea that meaning only extracted on the attended channel |
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Attenuation Model (Treisman, 1961) |
Unattended stimuli is attenuated (partial semantic activation) but not fully blocked - biased by context, salience of message |
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What stimuli can stimulate semantic activation even when unattended? |
name, 'dear aunt jane' semantically related material, causing shifts in attention |
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Criticism of Early selection |
Complexity of filter: - filter needs to respond to semantic context, distinguish related from unrelated stimuli - is there a simpler alternative? --> late selection: filter located after LTM |
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Early and late selection agree on... |
recognition needs: - encoding - access to LTM |
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Early selection |
activation = awareness |
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Late selection (Norman, 1968) |
All stimuli access LTM, not sufficient for awareness (need to pass filter for awareness) *bottom up + top down selection* bottom up = stimulus driven top-down = selection by relevance to task (need both kinds of activation to get through filter, otherwise decays) |
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Evidence for late selection |
Semantic processing on unattended channel Mckay (1973) - given ambiguous sentence 'bank' ignore river/money = recognition is biased by previous shadowing task |
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Von Wright, Anderson, Stenman (1975) |
Classically condition GSR to target words (shock)- showed semantic acitivation in the absence of attention, generalised to other words in categy e.g banana , peach |
